Abstract
This paper explores Merge and proposes a new form of sideward movement (double sideward movement) carried out by a new application of External Merge. Double sideward movement occurs in the following way: given a syntactic object S containing XP and YP, Merge applies to XP and YP, and creates {XP, YP} outside S, thus causing XP and YP to undergo sideward movement at the same time. It is argued that multiple clefts (cleft sentences with multiple phrases in the focus position) in Japanese are derived by double sideward movement of the multiple focus phrases and that this derivation is responsible for certain surprising properties of Japanese multiple clefts, some well known and others newly discovered, including the lack of island effects and the presence and absence of clausemate effects. Other consequences are discussed for the nature of operator movement and scrambling as well as for restrictions on the application of Merge.
Acknowledgements
Parts of this paper have been presented in a symposium at the Thirty-Fourth Conference of the English Linguistic Society of Japan as well as at Keio University, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, National Tsing Hua University, and Nanzan University. I thank the audiences for their helpful comments and questions, especially Edith Aldridge, Željko Bošković, Tomohiro Fujii, Kenshi Funakoshi, Caroline Heycock, Hideki Kishimoto, Hisatsugu Kitahara, Masatoshi Koizumi, Wei-wen Roger Liao, Jonah Lin, Jo-wang Lin, Masashi Nomura, Masao Ochi, Satoshi Oku, Masaki Sano, Chih-hsiang Shu, Koji Sugisaki, Daiko Takahashi, Masahiko Takahashi, Kensuke Takita, Shigeo Tonoike, Dylan Tsai, Asako Uchibori, and Akira Watanabe. In preparing this paper, I have particularly benefited from discussions I had with Toshifusa Oka, Mamoru Saito, Hiroaki Tada, and Hiroyuki Ura. Finally, I am grateful to reviewers for their invaluable comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper, which helped greatly to improve it. The research reported here was conducted as part of the collaborative research project “Generative Perspectives on the Syntax and Acquisition of Japanese” at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.
References
Abe, Jun. 1993. Binding conditions and scrambling without A/A’ distinction. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Agbayani, Brian, Chris Golston & Toru Ishii. 2015. Syntactic and prosodic scrambling in Japanese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 33. 47–77.10.1007/s11049-014-9252-xSearch in Google Scholar
Aoun, Josef, Lina Choueiri & Norbert Hornstein. 2001. Resumption, movement, and derivational economy. Linguistic Inquiry 32(3). 371–403.10.1162/002438901750372504Search in Google Scholar
Aoun, Josef & Yen-hui Audrey Li. 2003. Essays on the representational and derivational nature of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/2832.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2017. Tone sandhi in Taiwanese and phasal spell-out. Gengo Kenkyu 152. 31–58.Search in Google Scholar
Cho, Sungdai, John Whitman & Yuko Yanagida. 2008. Clefts in Japanese and Korean. Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 44(1). 61–77.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Funakoshi, Kenshi. 2012. On headless XP movement/ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry 43(4). 519–562.10.1162/ling_a_00105Search in Google Scholar
Hasegawa, Nobuko. 1997. A copula-based analysis of Japanese clefts: Wa-cleft and ga-cleft. Researching and verifying an advanced theory of human language, Grant-in-aid for COE Research, Report (1), 15–38. Chiba: Kanda University of International Studies.Search in Google Scholar
Hiraiwa, Ken & Shinichiro Ishihara. 2012. Syntactic metamorphosis: Clefts, sluicing, and in-situ focus in Japanese. Syntax 15(2). 142–180.10.1111/j.1467-9612.2011.00164.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hoji, Hajime. 1985. Logical form constraints and configurational structures in Japanese. Seattle, WA: University of Washington dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Hoji, Hajime. 1987. Japanese clefts and chain binding/reconstruction effects. Paper presented at the Sixth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, University of Arizona, 20–22 March.Search in Google Scholar
Hornstein, Norbert. 2001. Move!: A minimalist theory of construal. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
Koizumi, Masatoshi. 1995. Phrase structure in minimalist syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Koizumi, Masatoshi. 2000. String vacuous overt verb raising. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 9(3). 227–285.10.1023/A:1008311420647Search in Google Scholar
Kuwabara, Kazuki. 1996. Multiple wh-phrases in elliptical clauses and some aspects of clefts with multiple foci. In Masatoshi Koizumi, Masayuki Oishi & Uli Sauerland (eds.), Formal approaches to Japanese Linguistics 2, MIT working papers in Linguistics Vol. 29, 97–116. Cambridge, MA: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MITWPL.Search in Google Scholar
Müller, Gereon & Wolfgang Sternefeld. 1993. Improper movement and unambiguous binding. Linguistic Inquiry 24(3). 461–507.Search in Google Scholar
Murasugi, Keiko. 1991. Noun phrases in Japanese and English: A study in syntax, learnability, and acquisition. Storrrs, CT: University of Connecticut dissertation.10.1515/jjl-1991-0110Search in Google Scholar
Nunes, Jairo. 2004. Linearization of chains and sideward movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/4241.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Richards, Norvin. 1998. The principle of minimal compliance. Linguistic Inquiry 29(4). 599–629.10.1162/002438998553897Search in Google Scholar
Roberts, Ian. 1990. Some notes on VP-fronting and head government. In Joan Mascaró & Marina Nespor (eds.), Grammar in progress: Glow essays for Henk van Riemsdijk, 387–396. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.10.1515/9783110867848.387Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 1994. Additional-wh effects and the adjunction site theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 3(3). 195–240.10.1007/BF01733064Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 2017. A note on Transfer domains. Nanzan Linguistics Vol. 12, 61–69. Nagoya: Nanzan University, Center for Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar
Sohn, Kewn-Won. 1994. Adjunction to argument, free ride and a minimalist program. In Masatoshi Koizumi & Hiroyuki Ura (eds.), Formal approaches to Japanese Linguistics 1, MIT working papers in Linguistics 24, 315–334. Cambridge, MA: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MITWPL.Search in Google Scholar
Takano, Yuji. 2002. Surprising constituents. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 11(3). 243–301.10.1023/A:1016011311546Search in Google Scholar
Takano, Yuji. 2007. Making rightward scrambling possible. In Yuko Kawano & Hiromi Takahashi (eds.), Kinjo Gakuin Daigaku ronshu, studies in humanities Vol. 3(2), 17–58. Nagoya: Kinjo Gakuin University.Search in Google Scholar
Takano, Yuji. 2013. Notes on movement of antecedents. In Yoichi Miyamoto, Daiko Takahashi, Hideki Maki, Koji Sugisaki & Asako Uchibori (eds.), Deep insights, broad perspectives: Essays in honor of Mamoru Saito, 381–400. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.Search in Google Scholar
Takano, Yuji. 2015. Surprising constituents as unlabeled syntactic objects. Nanzan Linguistics 10. 55–73, Nagoya: Nanzan University, Center for Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
