Abstract
This paper presents a cross-linguistic investigation of the antipassive within the framework of Radical Construction Grammar. Based on function, this study identifies constructions in 70 languages from 25 language families and four geographical macro areas. Iconically motivated correlations were found between functions and the morphosyntactic strategies they employ. The results of this study suggest that constructions indicating the lower individuation of patients and constructions indicating the lower affectedness of patients, previously grouped together as ‘antipassive’, should be considered two separate construction types. This is based on their separate functions, the distinct morphosyntactic strategies used to encode them across languages, and differences in productivity with regard to semantic classes of verbs.
Abbreviations
1/2/3 = 1st/2nd/3rd person; 1/2 trans = half transitivizer; ii = series II; a = agent; abs = absolutive; anph = anaphoric; antip = antipassive; asp = aspect; assoc = association marker; cls = close to speaker; colI = column I; colII = column II; con = connective; cont = continuous; d = d-classifier; def = definite; dem = demonstrative; do = direct object; dyn = dynamic; enc = enclitic pronoun; erg = ergative; f = feminine; ff = far future; fin = finite; fp = far past; fut = future; fv = final vowel; gen = genitive; gnr = generic; im = immediate; imp = imperative; impf = imperfective enclitic particle; impfk = imperfective morphological prefix; ind = indicative; infr = inferred; instr = instrumental; ipfv = imperfective; itr = intransitive; = l = ł-classifier; link = prosodic linker; loc = locative; loc18 = locative noun prefix of class 18; m = masculine; mid = middle; mot = motion; nar = narrative; nf = non-feminine; nom = nominative; np1 = nominal prefix of class 1; np7 = nominal prefix of class 7; npst = non-past; obj = object; ongo = ongoing; op = operative; pa = personal article; pc1 = pronominal concord of class 1; pc7 = pronominal concord of class 7; per = personal-factual evidential; perf = perfect; pfv = perfective; pl = plural; pn = proper noun; poss = possessive; prs = present; prx = proximal; pst = past; quot = quote; refl = reflexive; rep = reported evidential; rpt = repetitive; sbj = subject; sbrd = subordinator; sc = serial verb connective; seq = sequential; sg = singular; th = thematic prefix; tr = transitive; vis = visual-sensory evidential; yestp = yesterday past.
Acknowledgements
First, I would like to thank William Croft for many valuable comments, suggestions, and discussions throughout the earlier stages of this project and on previous drafts of this paper. I would also like to thank Rosa Vallejos and Melissa Axelrod for helpful suggestions on an early version of the paper. Finally, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback.
Appendix
A
| Language | Family > Sub-familya | Area | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bandjalang | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Foley & Valin (1984, 172) |
| Diyari | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Austin (1981, 153–155) |
| Djabugay | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Patz (1991, 298) |
| Djaru | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Tsunoda (1981, 149–151) |
| Dyirbal | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Dixon (2010, 167) |
| Language | Family > Sub-familya | Area | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guugu Yimidhirr | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Haviland (1979, 128–132) |
| Kalkatungu | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Blake (1978) |
| Kuku Yalanji | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Patz (2002, 145) |
| Warlpiri | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Hale (1982, 237–250) |
| Yidiny | Australian > Pama-Nyungan | Oceania | Foley & Valin (1984, 172) |
| Alawa | Australian > Gunwingguan | Oceania | Sharpe (1972, 102–103) |
| Mangarayi | Australian > Gunwingguan | Oceania | Merlan (1982, 134–135) |
| Chamorro | Austronesian > Sunda-Sulawesi | Oceania | Cooreman (1988), 1994 |
| Embaloh | Austronesian > Sunda-Sulawesi | Oceania | Adelaar (1995, 389–394) |
| Kapampangan | Austronesian > Philippine | Oceania | Mithun (1994, 257–270) |
| Fijian | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Dixon (1988, 48–50, 175–181) |
| Iaai | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Ozanne-Rivierre(1976: 176), cited in Bril(2005: 38) |
| Nakanai | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Johnston (1980, 39, 138) |
| Neverver | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Barbour (2012, 241–244) |
| Samoan | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Cooreman (1994, 61–62) |
| Sinaugoro | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Tauberschmidt(1999: 37) |
| Tinrin | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Osumi (1995, 224–225) |
| Language | Family > Sub-familya | Area | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toqabaqita | Austronesian > Oceanic | Oceania | Lichtenberk (2008, 864–866) |
| Oksapmin | Trans-New Guinea | Oceania | Loughnane (2009, 238–241) |
| Warembori | Lower Mamberamo | Oceania | Donohue (1999, 43) |
| Yele | isolate | Oceania | Henderson (1995, 26–27) |
| Belorussian | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Kovaleva (1967, 10), cited in Geniušienė(1987: 249) |
| Bulgarian | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Geniušienė (1987, 249) |
| Czech | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Geniušienė (1987, 250) |
| Macedonian | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Geniušienė (1987, 250) |
| Russian | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Say (2005) |
| Slovak | Indo-European > Balto-Slavic | Eurasia | Geniušienė (1987, 249) |
| English | Indo-European > Germanic | Eurasia | Levin (1993, 33, 41–42) |
| Swedish | Indo-European > Germanic | Eurasia | Geniušienė (1987, 249–250) |
| Balochi | Indo-European > Indo-Iranian | Eurasia | Axenov (2006, 73–75) |
| French | Indo-European > Romance | Eurasia | Herslund (1997) |
| Bezti | Northeast Caucasian > Tsezic | Eurasia | Hewitt (1981) |
| Godoberi | Northeast Caucasian > Avar-Andic | Eurasia | Tatevosov (2011) |
| Abkhaz | Northwest Caucasian | Eurasia | Hewitt (1989, 168–170) |
| Bzhedukh | Northwest Caucasian | Eurasia | Hewitt (1981, 160) |
| Kabardian | Northwest Caucasian | Eurasia | Matasović (2008) |
| Language | Family > Sub-familya | Area | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laz | Kartvelian | Eurasia | Harris (1985, 128) |
| Svan | Kartvelian | Eurasia | Harris (1985, 128) |
| Tuvan | Northern Turkic > Siberian | Eurasia | Kuular (2007, 1173) |
| Chukchi | Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | Nedjalkov (2006, 222), Janic (2013b, 66–68) |
| Cilubà | Niger-Congo > Bantu | Africa | Bostoen et al. (2015: 734) |
| Kirundi | Niger-Congo > Bantu | Africa | Ndayiragije (2006, 275–276) |
| Logba | Niger-Congo > Kwa | Africa | Dorvlo (2008, 134–135) |
| Supyire | Niger-Congo > Gur | Africa | Carlson (1994, 407–413) |
| Bari | Nilo-Saharan > Nilotic | Africa | Spagnolo (1933, 239) |
| Päri | Nilo-Saharan > Nilotic | Africa | Andersen (1988, 300–303) |
| Gumuz | Nilo-Saharan > Komuz | Africa | Ahland (2012, 189–190, 341–342) |
| !Xun | Khoisan > K’xa | Africa | Heine & König (2010, 54) |
| Central Alaskan Yup’ik | Eskimo-Aleut > Yupik | Americas | Mithun (2000, 93–98) |
| I nupiaq | Eskimo-Aleut > Inuit | Americas | MacLean (1986, 131–140) |
| West Greenlandic | Eskimo-Aleut > Inuit | Americas | Fortescue (1984, 82–88) |
| K’ekchi Mayan | Mayan > Qichean | Americas | Berinstein (1998) |
| Tzutujil | Mayan > Qichean | Americas | Dayley (1985, 345–351) |
| Mam | Mayan > Mamean | Americas | England (1988, 533) |
| Comanche | Uto-Aztecan > Numic | Americas | Charney (1993, 117–131) |
| Ute | Uto-Aztecan > Numic | Americas | Givón (2011, 259–260) |
| Tolowa | Athapaskan > Pacific Coast Athapaskan | Americas | Givón & Bommelyn(2000) |
| Slave | Athapaskan > Northwestern Canada | Americas | Rice (1989, 629–630) |
| Lakhota | Siouan > Western Siouan | Americas | Van Valin (1977, 13–14) |
| Language | Family > Sub-familya | Area | Referenceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apinaje | Jê > Northern Jê | Americas | Oliveira (2005, 130–134, 260–261) |
| Matses | Panoan-Takanan > Panoan | Americas | Fleck (2003, 930–941) |
| Kadiweu | Guaykuruan | Americas | Sandalo (1997, 107–109) |
| Kiowa | Kiowa-Tanoan | Americas | Watkins & McKenzie(1984: 138) |
| Nez Perce | Sahaptian | Americas | Rude (1986) |
| Trumai | isolate | Americas | Guirardello (1999, 340–341) |
aThe family listed is the highest level grouping. The sub-family listed is either the next order sub-grouping, or the most salient sub-group to which the language belongs.
bPage numbers indicate the most relevant section for the constructions analyzed here. Other sections of the reference material may have been consulted.
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