Abstract
The goal of this paper is to present newly collected data of Djibouti Somali and show how it offers insight into the architecture of nouns. Djibouti Somali, like Standard Somali, is characterized by the presence of inflectional classes. Building on my own fieldwork material, I discuss both the empirical statements and the theoretical implications that emerge from the observation of three aspects of noun inflection: (1) pluralization strategies, (2) the position of pitch accent with respect to gender and (3) the opposition between Absolutive and Nominative case. In particular, the fact that Djibouti Somali uses mainly two suffixes to pluralize nouns, leads us to the hypothesis that the inflectional system of this variety consists of only two inflectional types. Basic non-derived nouns belong to what I call type A, whereas suffixed nouns belong to type B. This dichotomy is confirmed by the behavior of pitch accent with respect to both gender and syntactic case. Finally, I propose that the distinction between type A and type B can be accounted for, in the context of a formal analysis, by postulating the existence of a contrast between null vs. overt nominalizer.
Funding statement: This work benefited from travel funds granted by the research Lab Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle (UMR 7110 Université Paris Diderot and CNRS).
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank those former colleagues who helped me prepare my fieldwork activity in Djibouti in 2012. I am also grateful to my consultants and especially to Ragueh, Moubarak, Houssein and Abdirachid for sharing their beautiful language with me. Finally, I thank two anonymous Journal of African Languages and Linguistics referees for valuable comments and remarks. All remaining errors are, of course, my own responsibility.
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Appendix A: Noun entries
| # singular | gen | class | plural (gen) | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 aabbé | M | 6 | aabbayáal (F) | father |
| 2 ábti | M | 2 | abtiyó (F), abtiyáal (F) | maternal uncle |
| 3 adéer | M | 2 | adeerró (F) | paternal uncle |
| 4 áf | M | 4 | afáf (M), afyáal (F) | tongue |
| 5 albáab | M | 2 | albaabyó (F), albaabbó (F) | door |
| 6 áqal | M | 2 | aqalló (F) | home |
| 7 ardéy | M | 5 | ardeý (F), ardeyáal (F) | (male) student |
| 8 áwr | M | 5 | aẃr (F) awryáal (F), awrár (M) | camel |
| 9 baabúur | M | 2 | baabuurró (F), baabuuryáal (F) | truck |
| 10 báhal | M | 2 | bahalló (F), bahalyáal (F), bahalloóyin (Ppl) | wild animal |
| 11 bálli | M | 2 | balliyó (F) | small lake |
| 12 baré | M | 6 | barayáal (F) | teacher |
| 13 bás | M | 4 | basás (M) | bus |
| 14 béer | M | 2 | beeryó (F) beeryáal (F) | liver |
| 15 beló | F | 7 | beloóyin (M) | tribe |
| 16 bíl | M | 4 | bilál, biló (M), bilyáal (F), bilóyin (M) | month |
| 17 búd | M | 4 | budád (M), budyáal (F) | stick |
| 18 cadáy | M | 5 | cadaý (F), cadayó (F), cadayáal (F) | brush |
| 19 cambé | M | 6 | cambayáal (F), cambóyin (M) | mango |
| 20 cáshi | M | 2 | cashiyó (F) | illness, desease |
| 21 cawó | F | 7 | cawoóyin (M) | evening |
| 22 ciyáar | M | 2 | ciyaarró (M) | sport |
| 23 dáab | M | 4 | daabáb (M) | handle |
| 24 daáb | F | 1 | unknown | animal diarrhea |
| 25 daár | F | 1 | daaró (M) | stone house |
| 26 dáas | M | 4 | daasás (M), daasyáal (F) | store |
| 27 dáb | M | 4 | dabáb (M) | fire |
| 28 dabó | F | 7 | daboóyin (M) | tail |
| 29 dál | M | 4 | dalál (M) | country |
| 30 daríiq | M | 2 | dariiqyó, dariiqó (F), dariiqyáal (M), dariiqoóyin (Ppl) | road |
| 31 dawó | F | 7 | dawoóyin (M) | medicine, drug |
| 32 dayuurád | F | 1 | dayuuradó (M) | airplane |
| 33 dhágax | M | 2 | dhagaxyó (F), dhagaxyáal (F), dhagaxán (F) | stone |
| 34 dhég | F | 1 | dhegó (M), dhegág (M) | ear |
| 35 dhínac | M | 2 | dhinacyó (F), dhinacyáal (F) | side, direction |
| 36 dhúl | M | 4 | dhulál (M) | land, earth |
| 37 díbi | M | 5 | dibí (F), dibiyó (F), dibiyáal (F) | bull |
| 38 doólli | M | 2 | doolliyó (F), doolliyáal (F) | mouse |
| 39 dúb | M | 4 | dubáb (M) | skin |
| 40 dúgsi | M | 2 | dugsiyó (F), dugsiyáal (F) | school |
| 41 dukáan | M | 2 | dukaannó, -nyó, -mó (F), dukaanyáal (F) | shop |
| 42 duráy | M | 2 | durayó (F), durayáal (F) | cold, flu |
| 43 durbáan | M | 2 | durbaannó, durbaanyó (F) | drum |
| 44 éy | M | 5 | eý (F), eyó (F), ey(y)áal (F) | dog |
| 45 fílin | M | 2 | filmó (F) | movie |
| 46 fursád | F | 1 | fursadó (M) | chance |
| 47 gaári | M | 2 | gaariyó (F), gaariyáal (F) | car |
| 48 gabádh | F | 1 | gabdhó (M), gabdhyáal (F) | girl |
| 49 gabáy | M | 2 | gabayó (F), gaba(y)yáal (F) | poem |
| 50 gacán | F | 1 | gacmó (M) | hand |
| 51 galáb | F | 1 | galbó (M), galabó (M) galabyáal (F) | afternoon |
| 52 gár | M | 4 | garár (M), garó (M) | beard |
| 53 géed | M | 1/3 | geedó (M) | tree, plant |
| 54 gées | M | 4 | geesás (M), geesó (M), geesyáal (F), geesoóyin (Ppl) | horn |
| 55 góol[26] | M | 4 | goolál (M) | fat male camel |
| 56 goól | F | 1 | gooló (M) | lioness |
| 57 górgor | M | 2 | gorgorró, gorgoryó (F), gorgoryáal (F) | vulture |
| 58 goroyó | F | 7 | goroyoóyin (M), goroyáal (F) | ostrich |
| 59 gúri | M | 1 | guriyó (M), guriyáal (F) | house |
| 60 háan[27] | M | 4 | haamó (M) | throat |
| 61 haán | F | 1 | haamó (M), haanyáal (F) | water vessel |
| 62 hál | F | 1 | haló (M), halál (M), halalyáal (Ppl) | female camel |
| 63 heés | F | 1 | heesó (M), heesás (F?), heesoóyin (Ppl) | song |
| 64 hílib | M | 3 | hil(i)bó (M), hilibyó (F), hilibyáal (F) | meat |
| 65 hooyó | F | 7 | hooyoóyin (M), hooyáal (F) | mother |
| 66 hudhéel[28] | M | 2 | hudheelló (F), hudheelyáal (F) | hotel |
| 67 íl | F | 1 | iló (M), indhó (M), ilál (M), indhoóyin (Ppl) | eye |
| 68 ílig | M | 3 | ilkó (M), iligyáal (F), ilkoóyin (Ppl) | tooth |
| 69 ínan | M | 2 | inammó (F), inanyáal (F), inammayáal (Ppl) | boy |
| 70 inán[29] | F | 1 | unknown | girl |
| 71 jaamacád | F | 1 | jaamacadó (M) | university |
| 72 jamhuuriyád | F | 1 | jamhuuriyadó (M) | republic |
| 73 jamciyád | F | 1 | jamciyadó (M) | league, union |
| 74 jílib | M | 3 | jilbó (M), jilbyó (F?) | knee |
| 75 jínni | M | 2 | jinniyó (F), jinní (F), jinniyáal (F) | Jinn |
| 76 kaalmó | F | 7 | kaalmoóyin (M) | help |
| 77 káb | F | 1 | kabó (M), kabáb (M) | shoe |
| 78 kallúun[30] | M | 2 | kallumó, kallunó (F), kallunyáal (F) | fish (coll.) |
| 79 khudrád[31] | F | 1 | khudradó (M), khudradyáal (F) | fruit (coll.) |
| 80 kóob | M | 4 | koobáb (M), koobyáal (F), kooboóyin (M) | cup |
| 81 kuráy | M | 2 | kurayó (F), kuray(y)áal (F) | lad, boy |
| 82 kúrsi | M | 2 | kursiyó (F), kursiyáal (F), kuraasí, kuraás (F), kuraasoóyin (M) | chair |
| 83 libáax | M | 2 | libaaxyó (F), libaaxyáal (F), libaáx (F) | lyon |
| 84 lúg | F | 1 | lugó (M), lugág (M) | foot |
| 85 maalín | F/M | 1/2 | maalimmó (F), maalmyáal (F), maal(i)mó (M), maalinyó (F?) | day |
| 86 macállin[32] | M | 2 | macallimmó (F), macallimyáal (F), macallinyó (F) | teacher |
| 87 mádax | M | 2/5 | madaxyó (F), madaxyáal (F), madáx (F) | head |
| 88 magaaló | F | 7 | magaaloóyin (M), magaaloyáal (F) | city |
| 89 mágac | M | 2 | magacyó (F), magacyáal (F), magacoóyin (M) | noun, name |
| 90 makhaayád | F | 1 | makhaayadó (M), makhaayadyáal (F) | restaurant |
| 91 maqaalín | F | 1 | maqaalimó (M) | fishing hook |
| 92 marqaáti | M | 2 | marqaatiyó (F), marqaatiyáal (F) | witness |
| 93 masaájid | M | 2 | masaajidyó (F), masaajiddó (F) | mosque |
| 94 míis | M | 3 | miisás, miisó (M), miisyáal (F), miisasyáal (Ppl) | table |
| 95 mindí | F | 1 | mindiyó (M), mindiyáal (F) | knife |
| 96 móos | M | 4 | moosás (M) | banana |
| 97 naág | F | 1 | naagó (M), naagayáal (Ppl) | woman |
| 98 néef | M | 4 | neefáf (M), neefyáal (F) | pet |
| 99 neéf | F | 1 | neefó (F) | breath |
| 100 nín | M | 4 | nimán (M), nimó (M), nimyáal (F) | man |
| 101 óon | M | 2 | unknown | thirst |
| 102 oón[33] | F | 1 | unknown | food |
| 103 ordinatéer | M | 2 | ordinateerró (F), ordinateeryó (F) | computer |
| 104 órgi | M | 2 | orgiyó (F), orgiyáal (F), orgí (F) | male goat |
| 105 qáan[34] | M | 2 | qaanyáal (F) | young camel(s) |
| 106 qaán | F | 1 | qaamó, qaanó (M) | debt |
| 107 qálin | M | 2 | qalimmó, qalinnó (F), qalimyáal, qalinyáal (F) | pen |
| 108 qasacád[35] | F | 1 | qasacadó (M) | can, box |
| 109 qáyb | F | 1 | qaybó (M), qaybyó (F?), qaybyáal (F), qayboóyin (Ppl) | part, share |
| 110 qódob | M | 3 | qod(o)bó (M), qodobyó (F), qodobyáal (F) | article |
| 111 qól | M | 4 | qolál (M), qolyáal (F) | room |
| 112 qóys | M | 4 | qoysás (M), qoysyáal (F), qoysyó (F?) | family |
| 113 qúrac | M | 2 | quracyó (F), quracyáal (F) | acacia |
| 114 ráh | M | 2 | rahyó, rahyáal (F), raháh, rahó (M) | frog |
| 115 rí | F | 1 | riyó (M) | female goat |
| 116 róob | M | 4 | roobáb (M) | rain |
| 117 roóti | M | 2 | rootiyáal (F) | bread |
| 118 sáab | M | 4 | saabáb (M), saabó (M) | flask |
| 119 sánad | M | 2 | sanaddó (F), sanadyáal (F) | year |
| 120 saaxíib[36] | M | 2 | saaxiibyó, saaxiibbó (F), saaxiibyáal (F) | friend |
| 121 sabáb | F | 1 | sababó (M), sababyó (F?) | cause, excuse |
| 122 sác | M | 2 | sacyó (F), sacyáal (F) | cow |
| 123 sálli | M | 2 | salliyó (F), salliyáal (F) | prayer mat |
| 124 sámbab | M | 2 | sambabbó, sambabyó (F), sambabyáal (F) | lung |
| 125 sán | M | 4 | sanán (M), sanyó (F), sanyáal (F) | nose |
| 126 shabéel | M | 2 | shabeelló, shabeelyó (F), shabeelyáal (F), shabeellayáal (Ppl) | leopard |
| 127 shaqó | F | 7 | shaqoóyin (M), shaqayáal (F) | work |
| 128 sheekó | F | 7 | sheekoóyin (M), sheekayáal (F), sheeka-sheekó (reduplicated pl.) | tale, story |
| 129 shímbir | M | 2 | shimbirró (M), shimbiryáal (F) | bird |
| 130 soomaáli | M | 5 | soomaalí (F), soomaaliyáal (F) | Somali |
| 131 súbax | M | 2 | subax(y)ó (F), subaxyáal (F) | morning |
| 132 suldáan | M | 2 | suldaannó (F) | sultan |
| 133 súuq | M | 2 | suqyó (F), suuqyáal (F), suuqáq (M) | market |
| 134 tágsi | M | 2 | tagsiyó (F), tagsiyáal (F), takaasí (F) | taxi cab |
| 135 terráin[37] | M | 2 | terranyó, -nnó (F), terranyáal (F) | sport field |
| 136 toddobáad | M | 2 | toddobaadyó, -ddó (F), toddobaadyáal (F) | week |
| 137 tuké | M | 6 | tukayáal (F) | crow, raven |
| 138 ugáx[38] | F | 1 | ugaxyó (F), ugaxyáal (F) | egg |
| 139 wáddan | M | 2 | waddannó, waddammó (F) | country, state |
| 140 waddó | F | 7 | waddoóyin (M) | road |
| 141 waláal | M | 2 | walaalyó, -lló (F), walaalyáal (F), walaaloóyin (Ppl) | brother |
| 142 wán | M | 4 | wanán (M) | male sheep |
| 143 wár | M | 4 | warár (M) | news |
| 144 waraabé[39] | M | 6 | waraabayáal (F), waraaboóyin (M) | hyena |
| 145 waranlé[40] | M | 6 | waranlayáal (F), waranloóyin (M) | spearman |
| 146 warqád | F | 1 | warqadó (M) | paper |
| 147 wáx | M | 2 | waxyaálo, -yaábo (M); waxyó, waxyáal (F) | thing |
| 148 waxár | F | 1 | waxaró (M) | kid |
| 149 wíil | M | 4 | wiilál (M), wiilyó (F), wiilyáal (F) | boy |
| 150 xádhig | M | 3 | xadhkó (M), xadhigyó (F), xadhkoóyin (Ppl) | rope |
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