Abstract
First language (L1) transfer is a common phenomenon in second language (L2) acquisition. However, it will be argued in this article that although there are indeed pervasive influences of learners’ L1 in L2 acquisition, L1 transfer is not everywhere and it can be directional. We compare data from Chang’s (2001b. Discourse effects on the second language acquisition of English and Chinese dative structures. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i at Manoa PhD dissertation, 2004. Discourse effects on EFL learners’ production of dative constructions. Journal of Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences 33. 145–169.) studies of Chinese-speaking learners of English with data of our study of English-speaking learners of Chinese to examine whether their L2 English discourse and L2 Chinese discourse are equally influenced by their L1 discourse rules. We focus on learners’ answers to wh-questions with a double object construction or a prepositional object construction. The results demonstrate that L1 transfer takes place in Chinese-speaking learners’ L2 English discourse but not in English-speaking learners’ L2 Chinese discourse. This directionality of L1 transfer is accounted for on the basis of computational complexity of linguistic structures involved and on an economical consideration.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the participants in this empirical study. Without their participation and support, this project would have been very difficult, if not impossible. Thanks also go to IRAL reviewers for their insightful comments on and suggestions for earlier versions of this article. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the support that the first author received for this project from the National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education (MOE Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities), Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, where he has been an Overseas Research Fellow.
Appendix A: Distribution and percentage of English-speaking CSL participants by location
A | B | C |
---|---|---|
Location | No. of CSL participants | Percentage (B/121*100 %) |
Australia | 11 | 9.09 |
Canada | 13 | 10.74 |
China | 18 | 14.88 |
Hong Kong | 7 | 5.79 |
UK | 32 | 26.44 |
USA | 22 | 18.18 |
Others | 18 | 14.88 |
Total | 121 | 100 |
Appendix B: Distribution of CSL participants in each location and university/institution/ company as well as percentage of participants having been to Chinese-speaking areas
A | B | C | D | E |
---|---|---|---|---|
Location | University/Institution/Company | No. of CSL parti-cipants | No. of CSL participants having been to Chinese- speaking areas | Percentage (D/C*100 %) |
Australia | 11 | 10 | 90.91 | |
Canberra | The Australian National University | 11 | 10 | |
Canada | 13 | 12 | 92.31 | |
Montréal | HEC Montréal | 6 | 5 | |
Vancouver | University of British Columbia | 7 | 7 | |
China | 18 | 18 | 100.00 | |
Beijing | Beijing University | 3 | 3 | |
Beijing Language and Culture University | 3 | 3 | ||
Capital Normal University College of International Education | 2 | 2 | ||
Tsinghua University | 10 | 10 | ||
Hong Kong | 7 | 7 | 100.00 | |
Shatin | Chinese University of Hong Kong | 3 | 3 | |
Pokfulam | University of Hong Kong | 4 | 4 | |
UK | 32 | 28 | 87.50 | |
Cambridge | University of Cambridge | 10 | 9 | |
Edinburgh | University of Edinburgh | 3 | 3 | |
Leeds | University of Leeds | 1 | 1 | |
London | University of London: | |||
School of Oriental and African | 8 | 6 | ||
Studies | ||||
The London School of | 1 | 1 | ||
Economics and Political | ||||
Science | ||||
University College London | 1 | 0 | ||
Nottingham | University of Nottingham | 2 | 2 | |
Oxford | University of Oxford | 5 | 5 | |
Sheffield | University of Sheffield | 1 | 1 | |
USA | 22 | 20 | 90.91 | |
Berkeley, California | University of California Berkeley | 2 | 2 | |
San Diego, California | University of California San Diego | 1 | 1 | |
New Haven, Connecticut | Yale University | 2 | 2 | |
Manoa, Honolulu | University of Hawaii at Manoa | 3 | 3 | |
Chicago, Illinois | University of Chicago | 1 | 1 | |
Wellesley, Massachusetts | Babson College | 1 | 1 | |
Ann Arbor, Michigan | University of Michigan | 1 | 1 | |
Kalamazoo, Michigan | Western Michigan University | 1 | 1 | |
Minneapolis, Minnesota | University of Minnesota | 1 | 1 | |
New York City | Columbia University | 6 | 5 | |
New York City | New York University | 1 | 1 | |
Syracuse, New York | Syracuse University | 1 | 1 | |
Durham, North Carolina | Duke University | 1 | 0 | |
Others | professional institutions/companies | 18 | 18 | 100.00 |
Total | 121 | 113 | 93.39 |
Note: the percentage of CSL learners recruited from the universities: 85.12 % (103/121*100 %), and that from the professional institutions/companies: 14.88 % (18/121*100 %).
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