Conversion of an invasive plant into a new solid phase for lead preconcentration for analytical purpose
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic macrophyte, a bioindicator of pollution. The uncontrolled propagation of this plant in rivers brings negative impacts, such as the low concentration of dissolved oxygen in water, difficulty in fishing, death of fish, favoring the proliferation of animals that transmit diseases, among other disorders. E. crassipes become an environmental problem, so it is necessary to reduce the population of this plant in the aquatic ecosystem (Martins and Pitelli, 2005). This fiber has been studied to adsorb metals like Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr (Mahamadi and Nharingo, 2010, Li et al., 2013). It has been showing promising results of adsorption capacity (Da Silva Correia et al., 2018, Neris et al., 2019a)
The advance of industrial production causes an increase in the concentration of metals in the air, water, and soil and makes it bioavailable in the leaves of plants used in tea (Jin et al., 2005). The human body needs several metals for perfect functioning, but some metals, such as lead, do not function in the body. Depending on the concentration of Pb in humans, it can cause neurological, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects (Fawell et al., 2011). The World Health Organization establishes that the reference value for Pb in drinking water is 10 g L−1 (Herschy, 2012). Analytical techniques for quantifying chemical elements, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), offers advantages that more elaborate equipment does not have, such as ease and low cost of operation, in addition to high sample yield, precision, and specificity (Hassanien, 2009). This technique has limitations regarding the quantification of metals in concentrations below the standard’s values. Given this problem, preconcentration methodologies are alternatives that allow the quantification of these elements in trace concentration (Sá et al., 2019). Different preconcentration methods are used to separate and pre-concentrate metals as coprecipitation (Soylak and Aydin, 2011, Moreira et al., 2020, Peng et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2007), liquid–liquid extraction (Korn et al., 2006, Lemos et al., 2019), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (de Almeida et al., 2018, Mallah et al., 2008, Lemos et al., 2020), cloud point extraction (Mortada, 2020, Souza et al., 2020, Shokrollahi et al., 2008), solid phase extraction (Jalili et al., 2020b, Heidari and Ghiasvand, 2020, Narin et al., 2003), among others.
Solid phase extraction is useful for speciation and separation of water-soluble species. It is a simple, miniaturized, economical, robust, versatile, high-yield method that uses a few volumes of solvents, easy coupling in analytical techniques (Türker, 2012, Jalili et al., 2020a, Hussain et al., 2020). Online methodologies have advantages such as high analytical frequency, reduced consumption of reagents and samples, a minimal amount of waste, minimize the risk of contamination, and in the closed system reduce operator exposure to reagents Nunes and Lemos (2018).
The use of natural adsorbents in solid phase extraction has become favorable in the last twenty years because it adds advantages such as the use of renewable sources, low toxicity, effective extraction, easy applicability, high biodegradability, and mainly less aggressive with the environment (Godage and Gionfriddo, 2020). Bacteria like Anoxybacillus kestanboliensis (Ozdemir et al., 2020), Agrobacterium tumefacients (Baytak and Türker, 2005) of the genus Pseudomonas (Aksu, 2005), Bacillus, Streptomyces (Ozdemir et al., 2010, Ozdemir and Kilinc, 2012, Vijayaraghavan and Yun, 2008) plant material such as sugarcane bagasse (Dias et al., 2020), in addition to fungi and algae, they are materials used as biosorbents that are compatible with the concept of green chemistry (Okenicová et al., 2016). The use of these biological materials is a trend in developing technologies for the removal and quantification of toxic metals in the environment (Wang and Chen, 2009).
Based on this information, the objective of this work was to transform the leaves of E. crassipes into a solid low-cost phase for preconcentration of Pb (II) by FAAS and reduce an environmental problem caused by this plant.
Section snippets
Reagents and apparatus
For the development of the preconcentration methodology, a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 200 flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used. Pb(II) stock solution at 1000 g mL−1 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), diluted with ultra-pure water, was used. The elution solvent used was 0.1 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). One BT100LC four-channel peristaltic pump (Baoding, Chuangrui, Precision Pump Co., Hebei, China) was used to propel the solutions.
Solid phase preparation
Samples of E. crassipes leaves were
SPE procedure
The solid phase extraction methodology was applied in an online system that consists of two peristaltic pumps, a six-port manual valve, silicone tubes, and the minicolumn (3.0 cm long, and 0.5 cm in diameter) with the lignocellulosic adsorbent of Eichhornia crassipes (Fig. 2). The detector was a flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS — PerkinElmer AAnalyst 400 AA Spectrometer). A volume of 25 mL of a solution of Pb(II) 50 g L−1 at pH 5.0 is passed through the preconcentration minicolumn.
Adsorbent and eluent selection
Neris et al. (2019a) states that for lead adsorption in E. crassipes, the removal percentage is not affected by chemical treatment. Therefore fibers washed with water resulted in greater efficiency for preconcentration compared to chemically modified fibers. The development of this adsorbent dispenses the use of toxic reagents or laborious procedures, which adds value according to the principles of green chemistry. The raw material constitutes an environmental problem; when developing the
Conclusion
The use of leaves of E. crassipes as an adsorbent in the preconcentration methodology in the solid phase provides environmental benefits such as removing a pollutant from rivers reuses material that would be garbage, reduce all consumable materials and develop an economic methodology. The solid phase prepared from E. crassipes in the preconcentration methodology in the solid phase proved to be a simple, fast, and low-cost alternative, without toxic reagents for the quantification of Pb(II). The
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ohana Nadine de Almeida: Conception and design of study, Acquisition of data, Analysis and/or interpretation of data, Writing - original draft. Rebeca Moraes Menezes: Conception and design of study, Acquisition of data, Analysis and/or interpretation of data. Leane Santos Nunes: Conception and design of study, Acquisition of data. Valfredo Azevedo Lemos: Conception and design of study, Analysis and/or interpretation of data, Writing - review & editing. Francisco Heriberto Martinez Luzardo:
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Center for Research in Radiation Sciences and Technologies (CPqCTR), Brazil, the Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment (Prodema) of the State University of Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brazil, the State University of Southwest Bahia, Brazil, and the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB), Brazil for the financial support. All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published.
References (51)
Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review
Process Biochem.
(2005)- et al.
Composting improves biosorption of Pb2+ and Ni2+ by renewable lignocellulosic materials. Characteristics and mechanisms involved
Chem. Eng. J.
(2013) - et al.
The use of agrobacterium tumefacients immobilized on amberlite XAD-4 as a new biosorbent for the column preconcentration of iron(III), cobalt(II), manganese(II) and chromium(III)
Talanta
(2005) - et al.
Application of coconut shell, banana peel, spent coffee grounds, eucalyptus bark, piassava (Attalea funifera) and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in the adsorption of Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions in water
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
(2018) - et al.
Use of fiberglass support in the application of dried-spot technique with dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb by energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry
Spectrochim. Acta B
(2018) - et al.
Modification of platinum nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon and activated carbon with a new chelating agent for solid phase extraction of some metal ions
J. Mol. Liq.
(2016) - et al.
Analytical sample preparation by electrospun solid phase microextraction sorbents
Talanta
(2020) - et al.
A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews
Microchem. J.
(2020) - et al.
Solid-phase microextraction technique for sampling and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review
Microchem. J.
(2020) - et al.
Lead contamination in tea garden soils and factors affecting its bioavailability
Chemosphere
(2005)
Separation and preconcentration procedures for the determination of lead using spectrometric techniques: A review
Talanta
Liquid phase microextraction associated with flow injection systems for the spectrometric determination of trace elements
TRAC Trends Anal. Chem.
Adsorption, concentration, and recovery of aqueous heavy metal ions with the root powder of Eichhornia crassipes
Ecol. Eng.
Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions onto Eichhornia crassipes in binary and ternary systems
Bioresour. Technol.
Coprecipitation magnesium(II) hydroxide as a strategy of pre-concentration for trace elemental determination by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry
Spectrochim. Acta B
Recent developments and applications of cloud point extraction: A critical review
Microchem. J.
Evaluation of single and tri-element adsorption of Pb 2+ , Ni 2+ and Zn 2+ ions in aqueous solution on modified water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) fibers
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
Evaluation of adsorption processes of metal ions in multi-element aqueous systems by lignocellulosic adsorbents applying different isotherms: A critical review
Chem. Eng. J.
Rapid analysis of heavy metals in coastal seawater using preconcentration with precipitation/co-precipitation on membrane and detection with X-ray fluorescence
Fenxi Huaxue/ Chinese J. Anal. Chem.
Application of the KIM equation for direct analysis of Pb and Ni by EDXRF in lignocellulosic fibers used as adsorbents of metals
Environ. Technol. Innov.
Chemical modification of four lignocellulosic materials to improve the Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions adsorption in aqueous solutions
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
Cloud point extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry combination for copper ( II ) ion in environmental and biological samples
J. Hazard. Mater.
Determination of some heavy metals in food and environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation
Food Chem. Toxicol.
Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption
Biotechnol. Adv.
Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future
Biotechnol. Adv.
Cited by (10)
Green food analysis: Current trends and perspectives
2021, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Despite these drawbacks, diverse approaches have been developed to reach successful procedures fulfilling the action lines of green chemistry, even involving the participation of the general population as it is shown in initiatives such as “Citizen science” [16]. As can be seen in Table 1, in which some recent green food analysis applications for food safety and quality determination are compiled, different strategies have been proposed for the analysis of organic and inorganic contaminants [17–19], hazardous substances generated during food processing [20] or for products characterization [21]. One of the proposed strategies is the combination of direct analytical imaging techniques with computer tools that allow reducing the complexity of the analytical procedure for fruit geographical origin prediction [21].
Green and Sustainable Foodomics
2024, Smart Food Industry: The Blockchain for Sustainable Engineering Volume II -Current Status, Future Foods, and Global IssuesUse of High-Efficiency Lignocellulose-Based Materials for Toxic Ions Removal: Impact of Surface Chemistry and Mathematical Modeling
2024, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical SocietyAdsorption of BSA Protein in Aqueous Medium Using Vegetable Tannin Resin from Acacia mearnsii (Mimosa) and Modified Lignocellulosic Fibers from the Bark of Eucalyptus citriodora
2023, Journal of Polymers and the EnvironmentAtomic spectrometry update-a review of advances in environmental analysis
2022, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry