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Positional spelling redistribution: word-initial <u>/<v> and <i>/<j> in Early Modern English (1500–1700)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 November 2020
Abstract
The alternations in <u>/<v> and <i>/<j> are among the most well-known and commented-upon changes in Early Modern English spellings, yet little has been said about the potential factors underlying their standardisation, and whether and how the two alternant pairs could be linked together. The reason behind this knowledge gap may be found in the absence of a large-scale, quantitative investigation of these spellings, and consequently, the impossibility of commenting upon the relationship between patterns of chronological development and potential causes of change. This article focuses on the standardisation of word-initial <u>/<v> and <i>/<j> between 1500 and 1700 in printed English, and uses a quantitative model for the analysis of patterns of diachronic development in the two alternant pairs, across a range of texts from a sampled version of Early English Books Online. The results describe a rather abrupt, synchronised change in the redistribution of word-initial <u>/<v> and <i>/<j> between the 1620s and the 1640s. The discussion argues for a close connection between the diachronic developments in word-initial <u>/<v> and <i>/<j>, and pragmatic factors that affected the Early Modern English printing industry.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
References
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Condorelli, Marco. 2020a. The standardisation of i and y in Early Modern English (1500–1700). English Studies. doi: 10.1080/0013838X.2020.1785169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Culpeper, Jonathan & Kytö, Merja (compilers). 2006. A Corpus of English Dialogues: 1560–1760, CD-ROM. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Dane, Joseph A. 2011. Out of sorts: On typography and print culture. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Early English Books Online, Text Creation Partnership, www.textcreationpartnership.org/tcp-eebo/ (accessed 15 May 2019).Google Scholar
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Isaac, Frank. 1936. English printers’ types of the sixteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knights, Mark. 2005. Representation and misrepresentation in later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and political culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja & Walker, Terry. 2006. Guide to A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 130). Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Google Scholar
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Loades, David. 1991. Politics, censorship and the English Reformation. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
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McEnery, Tony & Hardie, Andrew (compilers). 2007. The Lancaster Newsbooks Corpus. Lancaster: University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Donald F. 1969. Printers of the mind: Some notes on bibliographical theories and printing-house practices. Studies in Bibliography 22, 1–75.Google Scholar
Morrill, John. 1997. The religious context of the English Civil War. In Cust, Richard & Hughes, Ann (eds.), The English Civil War, 159–81. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Mosley, James. 2009. The technologies of printing. In Suarez, Michael F. SJ & Turner, Michael L. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 5: 1695–1830, 163–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Carolyn & Seccombe, Matthew. 2002. The creation of the periodical press, 1620–1695. In Barnard, John & McKenzie, Donald F. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 4: 1557–1695, 533–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2006. An introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
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Nurmi, Arja. 2012. Periods: Early Modern English. In Bergs, Alexander & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.), English historical linguistics: An international handbook, vol. 1, 48–63. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
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Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. www.oed.com (accessed 3 May 2019).Google Scholar
Patterson, Annabel. 1984. Censorship and interpretation: The conditions of writing and reading in early modern England. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Peacey, Jason. 2011. Pamphlets. In Raymond, Joad (ed.), The Oxford history of popular print culture, vol. 1: Cheap print in Britain and in Ireland to 1660, 453–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettegree, Andrew. 2011. The book in the Renaissance. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
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Raymond, Joad. 2003. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Raymond, Joad. 2011. Development of the book trade. In Raymond, Joad (ed.), The Oxford history of popular print culture, vol. 1: Cheap print in Britain and in Ireland to 1660, 59–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostenberg, Leona. 1971. The minority press and the English crown: A study in repression, 1558–1625. Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2012. Linguistic levels: Orthography. In Bergs, Alexander & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.), English historical linguistics: An international handbook, vol. 1, 224–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2013. Orthographic systems in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes (1506–1656 (Polish studies in English Language and Literature). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2016. Orthographic regularization in Early Modern English printed books: Grapheme distribution and vowel length indication. In Russi, Cinzia (ed.), Current trends in historical sociolinguistics, 165–93. Warsaw and Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna & Rössler, Paul. 2012. Orthographic variables. In Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 214–36. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Salmon, Vivian. 1999. Orthography and punctuation. In Lass, Roger (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 3: 1476–1776, 13–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef, Claridge, Claudia & Siemund, Rainer (compilers). 1994. The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts. Chemnitz: Chemnitz University of Technology.Google Scholar
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Shakespeare's First Folio. Oxford Text Archive. http://ota.ox.ac.uk/desc/0119 (accessed 28 May 2019).Google Scholar
Shuger, Debora. 2006. Censorship and cultural sensibility: The regulation of language in Tudor–Stuart England. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shute, Rosie. 2017a. A quantitative study of spelling variation in William Caxton's printed texts. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Shute, Rosie. 2017b. Pressed for space: The effects of justification and the printing process on fifteenth-century orthography. English Studies 98(3), 262–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jeremy J. 2012. From Middle English to Early Modern English. In Mugglestone, Linda (ed.), The Oxford history of English, updated edn, 147–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Digges, Leonard. 1555. Prognostication of Right Good Effect . . . London: Within the blacke Fryars, by Thomas Gemini.Google Scholar
Hart, John. 1551 [1955]. The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of our Inglish Toung . . . Reprinted in Danielsson, Bror (ed.), John Hart's works on English orthography and pronunciation [1551, 1569, 1576], 2 vols., 109–64. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Hart, John. 1570. A Methode or Comfortable Beginning for all Vnlearned . . . London: Henrie Denham.Google Scholar
Hayward, Thomas. c. 1625. The Institutions of Children in the English Tongue. British Library, MS Sloane 2609.Google Scholar
Hume, Alexander. 1617 [1865]. Of the Orthographie . . . London: Trubner. www.gutenberg.org/files/17000/17000-h/17000-h.htm (accessed on 25 March 2019).Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel. 1755. A Dictionary of the English Language . . . London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.Google Scholar
Martin, Gregory (trans.). New Testament: 1582. The Nevv Testament . . . Reims: John Fogny; Old Testament: 1609‒10. The Holie Bible . . . Douai: Laurence Kellam.Google Scholar
Savonarola, Girolamo. 1509. Sermo Fratris Hieronymi de Ferraria . . . London: Richard Pynson.Google Scholar
Anthony, Laurence (developer). 2019. AntConc. Tokyo: Waseba University. www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antcont/ (accessed 12 June 2019).Google Scholar
Archer, Dawn, Kytö, Merja, Baron, Alistair & Rayson, Paul. 2015. Guidelines for normalising Early Modern English corpora: Decisions and justifications. ICAME Journal 39, 7–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, Susan. 2012. French orthography in the 16th century. In Baddeley, Susan & Voeste, Anja (eds.), Orthographies in early modern Europe, 97‒126. Berlin and Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Barber, Charles L. 1997. Early Modern English, revised edn. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Barnard, John & Bell, Maureen. 2002. Appendix 1: Statistical tables. In Barnard, John & McKenzie, Donald F. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 4: 1557–1695, 779–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, Alistair & Rayson, Paul. 2009. Automatic standardization of texts containing spelling variation, how much training data do you need? In Mahlberg, Michaela, González-Díaz, Victorina & Smith, Catherine (eds.), Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference, CL2009, 20–23 July 2009. Liverpool: University of Liverpool. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/publications/cl2009/314_FullPaper.pdf (accessed 2 Nov. 2018).Google Scholar
Baron, Alistair, Rayson, Paul & Archer, Dawn. 2011a. Innovators of Early Modern English spelling change: Using DICER to investigate spelling variation trends. Presented at the Helsinki Corpus Festival. Helsinki, Finland, 28 September – 2 October.Google Scholar
Baron, Alistair, Rayson, Paul & Archer, Dawn. 2011b. Quantifying Early Modern English spelling variation: Change over time and genre. Presented at the Conference on New Methods in Historical Corpora, University of Manchester, 29–30 April.Google Scholar
Basu, Anupam. 2016. ‘Ill shapen sounds, and false orthography’: A computational approach to early English orthographic variation. In Estill, Laura, Ullyot, Michael & Jackaki, Diane K. (eds.), New technologies in Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 167–200. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies and Iter.Google Scholar
Bellingradt, Daniel & Salman, Jeroen. 2017. Books and book history in motion: Materiality, sociality and spatiality. In Bellingradt, Daniel, Nelles, Paul & Salman, Jeroen (eds.), Books in motion in early modern Europe: Beyond production, circulation and consumption, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Henry S. 1989. English books and readers, vol. I: 1475–1557; vol. II: 1558–1603, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blake, Norman F. 1992. Early Modern English. In Avila, Carmela Nocera, Pantaleo, Nicola & Pezzini, Domenico (eds.), Early Modern English: Trends, forms and texts, 13–37. Fasano: Schena editore.Google Scholar
Bland, Mark. 1996. ‘Invisible dangers’: Censorship and the subversion of authority in early modern England. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 90(2), 151‒93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bland, Mark. 1998. The appearance of the text in early modern England. Text 11, 91–154.Google Scholar
Bland, Mark. 1999. The London book-trade in 1600. In Kastan, David S. (ed.), A companion to Shakespeare, 450–63. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Brengelman, Fred H. 1980. Orthoepists, printers, and the rationalization of English spelling. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 79, 332–54.Google Scholar
Carter, Harry. 1969. A view of early typography up to about 1600. London: Hyphen Press.Google Scholar
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Condorelli, Marco. 2020a. The standardisation of i and y in Early Modern English (1500–1700). English Studies. doi: 10.1080/0013838X.2020.1785169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condorelli, Marco. 2020b. Towards a relativity of spelling change. In Condorelli, M. (ed.), Advances in historical orthography, c. 1500–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan & Kytö, Merja (compilers). 2006. A Corpus of English Dialogues: 1560–1760, CD-ROM. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Dane, Joseph A. 2011. Out of sorts: On typography and print culture. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1957. English pronunciation 1500–1700, vols. I–II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Early English Books Online, Text Creation Partnership, www.textcreationpartnership.org/tcp-eebo/ (accessed 15 May 2019).Google Scholar
Gants, David L. 2002. A quantitative analysis of the London book trade 1614–1618. Studies in Bibliography 55, 185–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1991. Introduction to Early Modern English, revised edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 2001. Eighteenth-century English. Heidelberg: Karl Winter Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar
Hellinga, Lotte & Trapp, Joseph B.. 1999. Introduction. In Hellinga, Lotte (ed.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 3: 1400–1557, 1–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, Frank. 1936. English printers’ types of the sixteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knights, Mark. 2005. Representation and misrepresentation in later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and political culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja & Walker, Terry. 2006. Guide to A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 130). Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja, Grund, Peter J. & Walker, Terry (compilers). 2011. An electronic text edition of depositions, 1560–1760, CD-ROM. In Merja Kytö, Merja, Grund, Peter J. & Walker, Terry (eds.), Testifying to language and life in early modern England. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leedham-Green, Elisabeth & McKitterick, David. 2002. Ownership: Private and public libraries. In Barnard, John & McKenzie, Donald F. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 4: 1557–1695, 323–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesser, Zachary. 2006. Typographic nostalgia: Play-reading, popularity, and the meanings of black letter. In Straznicky, Marta (ed.), The book of the play: Playwrights, stationers, and readers in early modern England, 99–126. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Loades, David. 1991. Politics, censorship and the English Reformation. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Marks, Adam. 2012. England, the English and the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). PhD thesis, University of St Andrews.Google Scholar
McEnery, Tony & Hardie, Andrew (compilers). 2007. The Lancaster Newsbooks Corpus. Lancaster: University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Donald F. 1969. Printers of the mind: Some notes on bibliographical theories and printing-house practices. Studies in Bibliography 22, 1–75.Google Scholar
Morrill, John. 1997. The religious context of the English Civil War. In Cust, Richard & Hughes, Ann (eds.), The English Civil War, 159–81. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Mosley, James. 2009. The technologies of printing. In Suarez, Michael F. SJ & Turner, Michael L. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 5: 1695–1830, 163–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Carolyn & Seccombe, Matthew. 2002. The creation of the periodical press, 1620–1695. In Barnard, John & McKenzie, Donald F. (eds.), The Cambridge history of the book in Britain, vol. 4: 1557–1695, 533–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2006. An introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2012. Variable focusing in English spelling between 1400 and 1600. In Baddeley, Susan & Voeste, Anja (eds.), Orthographies in early modern Europe, 127–65. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu & Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 2003. Historical sociolinguistics: Language change in Tudor and Stuart England (Longman Linguistics Library). London: Longman.Google Scholar
Nurmi, Arja. 2012. Periods: Early Modern English. In Bergs, Alexander & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.), English historical linguistics: An international handbook, vol. 1, 48–63. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Osselton, Noel E. 1984. Informal spelling systems in Early Modern English, 1500–1800. In Blake, Norman F. & Jones, Charles (eds.), English historical linguistics: Studies in development, 123–37. Sheffield: CECTAL, University of Sheffield. Reprinted in Mats Ryden, Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Merja Kytö (eds.). 1998. A reader in Early Modern English, 33‒45. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. www.oed.com (accessed 3 May 2019).Google Scholar
Patterson, Annabel. 1984. Censorship and interpretation: The conditions of writing and reading in early modern England. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Peacey, Jason. 2011. Pamphlets. In Raymond, Joad (ed.), The Oxford history of popular print culture, vol. 1: Cheap print in Britain and in Ireland to 1660, 453–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettegree, Andrew. 2011. The book in the Renaissance. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Steve. 1989. Worlds within worlds: Structures of life in sixteenth-century London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond, Joad. 2003. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Raymond, Joad. 2011. Development of the book trade. In Raymond, Joad (ed.), The Oxford history of popular print culture, vol. 1: Cheap print in Britain and in Ireland to 1660, 59–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostenberg, Leona. 1971. The minority press and the English crown: A study in repression, 1558–1625. Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2012. Linguistic levels: Orthography. In Bergs, Alexander & Brinton, Laurel J. (eds.), English historical linguistics: An international handbook, vol. 1, 224–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2013. Orthographic systems in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes (1506–1656 (Polish studies in English Language and Literature). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna. 2016. Orthographic regularization in Early Modern English printed books: Grapheme distribution and vowel length indication. In Russi, Cinzia (ed.), Current trends in historical sociolinguistics, 165–93. Warsaw and Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutkowska, Hanna & Rössler, Paul. 2012. Orthographic variables. In Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 214–36. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Salmon, Vivian. 1999. Orthography and punctuation. In Lass, Roger (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 3: 1476–1776, 13–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef, Claridge, Claudia & Siemund, Rainer (compilers). 1994. The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts. Chemnitz: Chemnitz University of Technology.Google Scholar
Scragg, Donald G. 1974. A history of English spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Shakespeare's First Folio. Oxford Text Archive. http://ota.ox.ac.uk/desc/0119 (accessed 28 May 2019).Google Scholar
Shuger, Debora. 2006. Censorship and cultural sensibility: The regulation of language in Tudor–Stuart England. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shute, Rosie. 2017a. A quantitative study of spelling variation in William Caxton's printed texts. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Shute, Rosie. 2017b. Pressed for space: The effects of justification and the printing process on fifteenth-century orthography. English Studies 98(3), 262–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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