Abstract
The access to goods and their allocation (who gets what, when, where and how) is one of the analytical problems of the 2009 Earth System Governance (ESG) Science and Implementation Plan (Biermann, in: Earth System Governance project report, IHDP no. 1, International Human Dimensions Program, Bonn). The 2009 Science Plan distinguishes three dimensions of access: fair outcomes, adequate pathways and effective reallocation. This paper answers the question: how have scholars used concepts related to access and allocation in their research related to international aid, trade and investment. In other words, what have we learnt from the environmental governance literature about who gets what, when and why in the areas of international trade, aid or investment? To date there has not been an attempt to synthesise the findings of this research and this is the gap that this paper addresses. The paper first highlights the key themes in the literature on access and allocation from a justice perspective. It analyses the literature of the ESG and related communities over the last 10 years on international aid, trade, and investment, drawing out the important issues and findings. This study found that most papers applied empirical case study methodologies, highlighted how governance deficits contributed to environmental injustice and were normatively premised on the need to solve the particular and case based problems of global inequality related to resource use and distribution. However, existing studies fell short of identifying the conceptual preconditions and ideal parameters for fair access and allocation of environmental resources in international economic systems. Future research is needed on the extent, nature and causes of the underlying normative and structural elements of the international economic systems that entrench unfair access and allocation of environmental goods and services; on the nature and protagonists of environmental rights and duties and on the elements of governance that may guarantee fair access and allocation in international trade, aid and investment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ESG:
-
Earth System Governance
- EU:
-
The European Union
- FAO:
-
The Food and Agriculture Organisation
- IRENA:
-
The International Renewable Energy Agency
- IUU:
-
Illegal, unreported and unregulated
- REDD+:
-
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
- SGDs:
-
Sustainable Development Goals
- SIDS:
-
Small Island Developing States
- UNCTAD:
-
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNFCCC:
-
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- USA:
-
The United States of America
References
Ahlgren, I., Yamada, S., & Wong, A. (2014). Rising oceans, climate change, food aid, and human rights in the Marshall Islands. Health and Human Rights,16(2), 69–81.
Atela, J., Quinn, C., Arhin, A., Duguma, L., & Mbeva, K. (2017). Exploring the agency of Africa in climate change negotiations: The case of REDD+. International Environmental Agreements : Politics, Law and Economics,17(4), 463–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9329-6.
Bacon, C. M. (2010). Who decides what is fair in fair trade? The agri-environmental governance of standards, access, and price. Journal of Peasant Studies,37(1), 111–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498796.
Barau, A. S., & Said, I. (2016). From goodwill to good deals: FELDA land resettlement scheme and the ascendancy of the landless poor in Malaysia. Land Use Policy,54(July), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.009.
Barau, A. S., & Stringer, L. C. (2015). Access to and allocation of ecosystem services in Malaysia’s Pulau Kukup Ramsar Site. Ecosystem Services,16(December), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.021.
Bhattacharyya, S., Intartaglia, M., & McKay, A. (2018). Does energy-related aid affect emissions? Evidence from a global dataset. Review of Development Economics,22(3), 1166–1194. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12409.
Biermann, F., Bai, X., Bondre, N., Broadgate, W., Arthur Chen, C.-T., Dube, O. P., et al. (2016). Down to earth: Contextualizing the anthropocene. Global Environmental Change,39(July), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.004.
Biermann, F., Betsill, M., Gupta, J., Kanie, N., Lebel, L., Liverman, D., et al. (2009) ‘Earth system governance: People, places, and the planet; science and implementation plan of the earth system governance project. I Earth system governance project report, IHDP no. 1. Bonn, Germany: International Human Dimensions Program.
Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., & Zelli, F. (2010). Global climate governance beyond 2012: Architecture, agency and adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Birkmann, J., Garschagen, M., Kraas, F., & Quang, N. (2010). Adaptive urban governance: New challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change. Sustainability Science,5(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0111-3.
Bowen, K., Friel, S., Ebi, K., Butler, C., Miller, F., & McMichael, A. (2012). Governing for a healthy population: Towards an understanding of how decision-making will determine our global health in a changing climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,9(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9010055.
Boyd, E., James, R. A., Jones, R. G., Young, H. R., & Otto, F. E. (2017). A typology of loss and damage perspectives. Nature Climate Change,7(10), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3389.
Brand, U., Boos, T., & Brad, A. (2017). Degrowth and post-extractivism: Two debates with suggestions for the inclusive development framework. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,24(November), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.007.
Brand-Correa, L. I., & Steinberger, J. K. (2017). A framework for decoupling human need satisfaction from energy use. Ecological Economics,141(November), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019.
Brandi, C. (2017). Sustainability standards and sustainable development—synergies and trade-offs of transnational governance. Sustainable Development,25(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1639.
Chakraborti, D., Rahman, M. M., Paul, K., Chowdhury, U. K., Sengupta, M. K., Lodh, D., et al. (2002). Arsenic calamity in the Indian subcontinent—What lessons have been learned? Talanta,58(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(02)00270-9.
Ciplet, D., Adams, K. M., Weikmans, R., & Roberts, J. T. (2018). The transformative capability of transparency in global environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics,18(3), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00472.
Corrado, G., & Corrado, L. (2017). Inclusive finance for inclusive growth and development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,24(February), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.013.
D’Almeida Martins, R., & Da Costa Ferreira, L. (2011). Climate change action at the city level: Tales from two megacities in Brazil. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,22(3), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777831111122914.
Davies, S., & Leach, M. (1991). Globalism versus villagism: Food security and environmental national and international levels 1. IDS Bulletin,22(3), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1991.mp22003007.x.
de Lange, W. J., Wise, R., & Nahman, A. (2010). Securing a sustainable future through a new global contract between rich and poor. Sustainable Development,18(6), 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.413.
Demaria, F. (2010). Shipbreaking at Alang-Sosiya (India) an ecological distribution conflict. Ecological Economics,70(2), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.006.
Dornan, M., Morgan, W., Cain, T. N., & Tarte, S. (2018). What’s in a term? “Green growth” and the “blue-green economy” in the Pacific islands. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies,5(3), 408–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.258.
Dryzek, J. S., & Stevenson, H. (2011). Global democracy and earth system governance. Ecological Economics,70(11), 1865–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.021.
Earth System Governance Project. (2018). Earth system governance science and implementation plan of the earth system governance project. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Earth System Governance Project.
Fang, G., Liu, M., Lixin, T., Fu, M., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Optimization analysis of carbon emission rights allocation based on energy justice—The case of China. Journal of Cleaner Production,202(November), 748–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.187.
Finley-Brook, M., & Holloman, E. L. (2016). Empowering energy justice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,13(9), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090926.
Frederiksen, T. (2018). Corporate social responsibility, risk and development in the mining industry. Resources Policy,59(December), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.09.004.
Fuchs, D., & Boll, F. (2018). Sustainable consumption. In G. Kütting & K. Herman (Eds.), Global environmental politics concepts, theories and case studies (pp. 93–112). New York, USA: Routledge.
Gallo-Cajiao, E., Archibald, C., Friedman, R., Steven, R., Fuller, R. A., Game, E. T., et al. (2018). Crowdfunding biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology,32(6), 1426–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13144.
Garrett, B., & Wanner, T. (2017). Aid for trade and ecologically sustainable development in Australia’s international aid program. Australian Journal of International Affairs,71(6), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2017.1334757.
Gellers, J. (2016). Crowdsourcing global governance: Sustainable development goals, civil society, and the pursuit of democratic legitimacy. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,16(3), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9322-0.
Gero, A., Meheux, K., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2011). Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the Pacific. Climate and Development,3(4), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2011.624791.
Glover, A., & Schroeder, H. (2017). Legitimacy in REDD + governance in Indonesia. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,17(5), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9341-x.
Gomez, J. E. A. (2013). The limitations of climate change donor intervention as deus ex machina: Evidence from Sorsogon, the Philippines. International Development Planning Review,35(4), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2013.26.
Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,28(3), 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-014-9509-8.
Gupta, J., & Chu, E. (2018). Inclusive development and climate change: The geopolitics of fossil fuel risks in developing countries. African and Asian Studies,17(1–2), 90–114. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341402.
Gupta, J., & Lebel, L. (2010). Access and allocation in earth system governance: Water and climate change compared. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,10(4), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9139-1.
Gupta, J., & Pouw, N. (2017). Towards a trans-disciplinary conceptualization of inclusive development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,24(February), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.03.004.
Gupta, J., Pouw, N., & Ros-Tonen, M. (2015). Towards an elaborated theory of inclusive development. The European Journal of Development Research,27(4), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.30.
Gupta, J., & Vegelin, C. (2016). Sustainable development goals and inclusive development. International Environmental Agreements-Politics Law and Economics,16(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9323-z.
Harris, L. R., Nel, R., Oosthuizen, H., Meyer, M., Kotze, D., Anders, D., et al. (2018). Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy. Conservation Biology,32(2), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12992.
Hubler, M. (2017). The future of foreign aid in a globalizing world with climate change. Global Policy,8(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12351.
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, W. G. I. (A/AC.237/WG.II/Misc.13). (1991). Negotiation of a framework convention on climate change. elements related to mechanisms. Vanuatu (on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States): Draft annex relating to article 23 (Insurance) for inclusion in the revised single text on elements relating to mechanisms. Submitted by the Co-Chairmen of Working Group II IPCC. Bonn, Germany: IPCC. Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/a/wg2crp08.pdf.
Jägermeyr, J., Pastor, A., Biemans, H., & Gerten, D. (2017). Reconciling irrigated food production with environmental flows for Sustainable Development Goals implementation. Nature Communications,8(July), 15900. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15900.
Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., & Rehner, R. (2016). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science,11(1), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004.
Kalfagianni, A. (2014). Addressing the global sustainability challenge: The potential and pitfalls of private governance from the perspective of human capabilities. Journal of Business Ethics,122(2), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1747-6.
Kartha, S., Caney, S., Dubash, N. K., & Muttitt, G. (2018). Whose carbon is burnable? Equity considerations in the allocation of a “right to extract”. Climatic Change,150(1–2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2209-z.
Kearsley, A., & Riddel, M. (2010). A further inquiry into the Pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics,69(4), 905–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.014.
Keohane, R. O. (2006). Accountability in world politics. Scandinavian Political Studies,29(2), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2006.00143.x.
Kraft, B., & Wolf, S. (2018). Through the lens of accountability: Analyzing legitimacy in environmental governance. Organization & Environment,31(1), 70–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026616680682.
Kramarz, T., & Park, S. (2016). Accountability in global environmental governance: A meaningful tool for action? Global Environmental Politics,16(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00349.
Kronfeld-Goharani, U. (2018). Maritime economy: Insights on corporate visions and strategies towards sustainability. Ocean and Coastal Management,165(November), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.08.010.
Le Sage, A., & Majid, N. (2002). The livelihoods gap: Responding to the economic dynamics of vulnerability in Somalia. Disasters,26(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00188.
Leach, M., Rockström, J., Raskin, P., Scoones, I., Stirling, A. C., Smith, A., et al. (2012). Transforming innovation for sustainability. Ecology and Society,17(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04933-170211.
Lebel, L., Salamanca, A., & Kallayanamitra, C. (2017). The governance of adaptation financing: Pursuing legitimacy at multiple levels. International Journal of Global Warming,11(2), 226–245. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2017.082181.
Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Bhaduri, A., Kanemoto, K., Bekchanov, M., Geschke, A., et al. (2013). International trade of scarce water. Ecological Economics,94(October), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.018.
Lima, M. G. B., & Gupta, J. (2013). The policy context of biofuels: A case of non-governance at the global level? Global Environmental Politics,13(2), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00166.
Lyons, K., & Westoby, P. (2014). Carbon colonialism and the new land grab: Plantation forestry in Uganda and its livelihood impacts. Journal of Rural Studies,36(October), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.06.002.
Mallin, M. A. F. (2018). From sea-level rise to seabed grabbing: The political economy of climate change in Kiribati (Article; Proceedings Paper). Marine Policy, 97, 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.021.
Marinelli, M. (2018). How TO Build a ‘Beautiful China’ in the anthropocene. The political discourse and the intellectual debate on ecological civilization. Journal of Chinese Political Science,2018(23), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-018-9538-7.
McCormick, K., McKinnon, J., & Fast, S. (2012, 18–20 April). Global governance of biofuels for transport: Viewpoints of key stakeholders? Paper presented at the earth system governance conference 2012, Lund, Sweden.
Miller, D. C., Agrawal, A., & Roberts, J. T. (2013). Biodiversity, governance, and the allocation of international aid for conservation. Conservation Letters,6(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00270.x.
Moore, S. A., Rosenfeld, H., Nost, E., Vincent, K., & Roth, R. E. (2018). Undermining methodological nationalism: Cosmopolitan analysis and visualization of the North American hazardous waste trade. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space,50(8), 1558–1579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18784023.
Nilsson, M., Lucas, P., & Yoshida, T. (2013). Towards an Integrated Framework for SDGs: Ultimate and enabling goals for the case of energy. Sustainability,5(10), 4124–4151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5104124.
O’Brien, K. (2011). Global environmental change II: From adaptation to deliberate transformation. Progress in Human Geography,36(5), 667–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425767.
Okereke, C. (2017). A six-component model for assessing procedural fairness in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climatic Change,145(3–4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2106-x.
Ott, C. (2017). Enabling transformative research: Lessons from the Eastern and Southern Africa partnership programme (1999–2015). Challenges in Sustainability,5(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2017.05010015.
Pala, C. (2016). Study finds fish socks in Caribbean declining fast. Caribbean 360. http://www.caribbean360.com/news/study-finds-fish-stocks-in-caribbean-declining-even-faster-urgent-reversal-needed#ixzz4obkZkNAJ. Accessed 10 Feb 2019.
Patterson, J., Schulz, K., Vervoort, J., van der Hel, S., Widerberg, O., Adler, C., et al. (2017). Exploring the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,24(September), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2016.09.001.
Peeters, W., Dirix, J., & Sterckx, S. (2015). Towards an integration of the ecological space paradigm and the capabilities approach. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,28(3), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-014-9498-7.
Peters, G. P., Minx, J. C., Weber, C. L., & Edenhofer, O. (2011). Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,108(21), 8903–8908. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006388108.
Pickering, J., Skovgaard, J., Kim, S., Roberts, J. T., Rossati, D., Stadelmann, M., et al. (2015). Acting on climate finance pledges: Inter-agency dynamics and relationships with aid in contributor states. World Development, 68, 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.033.
Raworth, K. (2017). Doughnut economics: Seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. Vermont, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Richey, L. A., & Ponte, S. (2008). Better (Red)(TM) than dead? Celebrities, consumption and international aid. Third World Quarterly,29(4), 711–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802052649.
Sarker, S., Bhuyan, M. A. H., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Basak, S. C., et al. (2018). From science to action: Exploring the potentials of Blue Economy for enhancing economic sustainability in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management,157(may), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.001.
Schmitz, C., Biewald, A., Lotze-Campen, H., Popp, A., Dietrich, J. P., Bodirsky, B., et al. (2012). Trading more food: Implications for land use, greenhouse gas emissions, and the food system. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions,22(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.013.
Scobie, M. (2013). Climate regulation: Implications for trade competitiveness in Caribbean States. In L. F. Walter, F. Mannke, R. Mohee, V. Schulte, & D. Surroop (Eds.), Climate-smart technologies integrating renewable energy and energy efficiency in mitigation and adaptation responses (pp. 33–49). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37753-2_3.
Scobie, M. (2016). Policy coherence in climate governance in Caribbean small island developing states. Environmental Science & Policy,58(April), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.12.008.
Scobie, M. (2017a). Accountability in climate change governance and Caribbean SIDS. Environment, Development and Sustainability,20(2), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9909-9.
Scobie, M. (2017b). Fossil fuel reform in developing states: The case of Trinidad and Tobago, a petroleum producing small Island developing State. Energy Policy,104(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.008.
Scobie, M. (2019a). Chapter 6: Renewable energy and energy security, and Caribbean SIDS. In Global environmental governance and small states: Architectures and agency in the Caribbean (pp. 118–146). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Scobie, M. (2019b). Chapter 8: The global trade-environment nexus and Caribbean environmental governance. In Global environmental governance and small states: Architectures and agency in the Caribbean (pp. 174–195). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Sievänen, R., Sumelius, J., Islam, K., & Sell, M. (2013). From struggle in responsible investment to potential to improve global environmental governance through UN PRI. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,13(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9188-8.
Smith, A., Stirling, A., & Berkhout, F. (2005). The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions. Research Policy,34(10), 1491–1510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.005.
Smith, K. R., Uma, R., Kishore, V. V. N., Zhang, J. F., Joshi, V., & Khalil, M. A. K. (2000). Greenhouse implications of household stoves: An analysis for India (Review). Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,25(1), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.741.
Sullivan, R., & Gouldson, A. (2017). The governance of corporate responses to climate change: An international comparison. Business Strategy and the Environment,26(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1925.
Thew, H. (2018). Youth participation and agency in the United Nations framework convention on climate change. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,18(3), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9392-2.
UN. (2017). Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Report of the Secretary-General, UN. 10 May 2017. New York: United Nations Economic and Social Council, p. 19 E/2017/66.
UNCTAD/FAO. (2017). Trade-related fisheries targets: Sustainable Development Goal 14. Summary document Informal Preparatory Working Group 4 High-Level United Nations Conference to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14’ UNCTAD. 2017. Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, p. 25 UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2017/3. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2017d3_en.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2019.
UNFCCC. (2015). Report of the conference of the parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the conference of the parties at its twenty-first session’ UNFCCC conference of the parties. Paris: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Bonn.
Vanhala, L., & Hestbaek, C. (2016). Framing climate change loss and damage in the UNFCCC negotiations. Global Environmental Politics,16(4), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00379.
Visbeck, M., Kronfeld-Goharani, U., Neumann, B., Rickels, W., Schmidt, J., van Doom, E., et al. (2014). Securing blue wealth: The need for a special sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts. Marine Policy,48(December), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.03.005.
Vivanco, D. F., Sprecher, B., & Hertwich, E. (2017). Scarcity-weighted global land and metal footprints. Ecological Indicators,83(December), 323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.004.
Vulperhorst, V., Bialas, A., Todd, S., & Cornax, M. J. (2013). European Fisheries Subsidies—State aid payments by member state’ Oceana. Oceana reports. Spain: Oceana. Available at http://eu.oceana.org/sites/default/files/oceana_state_aid_factsheet_072013.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2019.
Wallimann-Helmer, I. (2015). Justice for climate loss and damage. Climatic Change,133(3), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1483-2.
Young, M. (2017). Energy transitions and trade law: Lessons from the reform of fisheries subsidies. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,17(3), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9360-2.
Zannakis, M. (2015). The blending of discourses in Sweden’s “urge to go ahead” in climate politics. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,15(2), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-013-9235-0.
Zhang, X., Zhou, L., Wu, Y., Skitmore, M., & Deng, Z. (2015). Resolving the conflicts of sustainable world heritage landscapes in cities: Fully open or limited access for visitors? Habitat International,46(April), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.11.004.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the reviewers for their helpful comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scobie, M. International aid, trade and investment and access and allocation. Int Environ Agreements 20, 239–254 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09480-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-020-09480-w