Mid-Infrared Detections of SNe II with NEOWISE

Published December 2020 • © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
, , Citation Melina Thévenot 2020 Res. Notes AAS 4 423 DOI 10.3847/2515-5172/abd415

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melina.t@web.de

melina.t@web.de

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1 Citizen Scientist, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; melina.t@web.de

2 Backyard Worlds: Planet 9, USA

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Dates

  1. Received December 2020
  2. Revised December 2020
  3. Accepted December 2020
  4. Published
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts

Type II supernovae; Infrared astronomy; Infrared sources; Tidal disruption; Massive stars; Circumstellar matter

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2515-5172/4/12/423

Abstract

Here I describe 184 mid-infrared detections of supernovae (SNe) in co-added images of the NEOWISE mission. 15 of the SNe had previously unknown long-lasting mid-IR detections with durations of more than a year. I find 7 SNe which have previously unknown SN 2010jl-like mid-infrared evolution. There are also long detections around one type IIb (SN 2016gkg), type IIP (SN 2016X) and type IIL (SN 2016iot). An unusual supernova is SN 2018hna, which shows a drastic color-change in mid-infrared. SN 2018hna begins as a transient with no IR-excess 31 days after the discovery, but changes 158 days later into a transient with strong IR-excess.

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1. Introduction

Supernovae (SNe) are known sometimes to produce mid-infrared transients. The dust causing this brightening is either produced in the supernova or it is an interaction with pre-existing dust in the circumstellar medium (Szalai et al. 2019). Past detections of SNe in mid-infrared are primarily either from NEOWISE (Moriya et al. 2020) or from the Spitzer Space Telescope (Szalai et al. 2019). Here I searched all the SNe II from the Transient Name Server (TNS) between 2014 January 1 and 2019 December 31. From these 1200 SNe I find 184 detections using the wiseview-tool (Caselden et al. 2018). This tool allows for a customized coadding of WISE and NEOWISE images and it displays them in a time-resolved animation. I used a 0.5 yr coadd mode for the best result in detecting the mid-IR transients. Most detections last for a few images and only 18 objects show long lasting mid-infrared detections.

Here I am going to discuss some of the SNe from the Table 1, using light curves produced with the IRSA NEOWISE-R (Mainzer et al. 2014) single exposure table, using primarily w1mpro. The epochs that I describe are separated by about 0.5 yr. Previously undescribed long detections (more than 3 epochs) are in the following SNe: SN 2016X (ASASSN-16at), SN 2016eei (Gaia16ate), SN 2016cyi (PTSS-16jik), SN 2016gkg, SN 2016idl (Gaia16bug), SN 2016ieq (Gaia16buy), SN 2016iot (Gaia16byk), SN 2017ahn (DLT17h) SN 2017gas (ASASSN-17kr), SN 2017gkp (Gaia17ced), SN 2017gvb (ATLAS17ldj), SN 2017hcc (ATLAS17lsn), SN 2017ijn (ATLAS17nhp), SN 2018gn (ASASSN-18ap), SN 2018cez (ASASSN-18ls). The supernova SN 2018hna with the unusual color-change is also described in the next section.

Table 1.  List Mid-IR Detections in Supernovae

Name R.A. Decl. Mid-IR Transient Object Type Reference Mid-IR Detections Host Name
  (deg) (deg)        
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
SN 2014B 196.07375 −10.333669 detection SN IIP this work NGC 4939
SN 2014F 277.632458 67.9915806 detection SN II this work NGC 6667
SN 2014G 163.642208 54.2991389 detection SN IIn Szalai et al. (2019) NGC 3448
SN 2014af 131.838171 73.2204694 detection SN IIP this work Anon.
SN 2014ab 207.024958 7.38788889 long detection SN IIn Moriya et al. (2020) UGC 08728 NOTES01
SN 2014az 353.095171 15.8529389 detection SN IIP this work NGC 7691
SN 2014bi 181.512458 47.4926389 detection SN IIP Szalai et al. (2019) NGC 4096
SN 2014cl 34.0379208 −11.934061 detection SN IIb this work IC 217
SN 2014cq 140.873129 −63.674530 detection SN IIb this work ESO 091- G 011
SN 2014cw 333.860621 −10.476280 detection SN II this work Anon.
SN 2014cx 14.9492917 −7.5718305 detection SN II Szalai et al. (2019) NGC 337
SN 2014dq 335.817042 −28.9755 detection SN II this work ESO 467-G51
SN 2015C 199.626958 −14.612388 unclear SN IIP this work IC 4221
SN 2015 da 208.100458 39.6912778 long detection SN IIn Tartaglia et al. (2020) NGC 5337
SN 2015W 104.429292 13.5793611 detection SN IIP this work UGC 3617
SN 2015bh 137.396079 33.1228111 unclear SN IIn this work NGC 2770
SN 2015J 113.771579 −69.131419 detection SN IIn this work Anon.
SN 2015P 192.628 −10.877919 detection SN IIP this work MCG -02-33-20
SN 2015an 126.062917 −18.774583 detection SN IIP this work IC 2367
SN 2015aq 141.435542 34.2766889 detection SN IIP this work UGC 5015
SN 2015ay 17.4448708 13.3080306 detection SN II this work UGC 722
SN 2015as 152.047371 51.8446889 detection SN II this work UGC 5460
SN 2015ba 218.121621 49.8929194 detection SN II this work IC 1029
SN 2015bi 218.06375 26.3254444 unclear SN IIb this work VV 839
SN 2016B 178.767692 1.71855 detection SN IIP this work CGCG 012-116
SN 2016C 204.522083 −17.85425 detection SN IIP Jencson et al. (2019) NGC 5247
SN 2016L 225.114458 −13.5525 detection SN IIP this work UGCA 397
SN 2016aa 121.06675 61.5618611 detection SN IIP this work PGC 22658
SN 2016X 193.815042 0.09981944 long detection SN IIP this work UGC 08041
SN 2016aai 192.6168 −10.841394 detection SN IIP this work 0
SN 2016bdu 197.558129 32.520575 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2016bla 116.36225 29.8909806 detection SN IIP this work SDSS J074526.98+295326.4
SN 2016ase 175.644583 −25.912583 unclear SN II this work ESO 504- G 009
SN 2016bev 116.959208 −18.736888 detection SN II this work  
SN 2016bkv 154.580458 41.4275833 detection SN II this work NGC3184
SN 2016bpq 283.372063 30.6792 detection SN II this work  
SN 2016blx 88.2483333 −17.86225 detection SN II this work IC438
SN 2016blz 235.122083 0.91030556 detection SN II this work SDSS J154029.29+005437.4
SN 2016bme 134.162867 52.10225 detection SN II this work UGC4671
SN 2016bmi 278.634125 −58.529111 detection SN IIP this work IC4721
SN 2016ccf 131.046042 34.7155 detection SN IIP this work NGC2649
SN 2016ccm 212.495417 17.7633611 detection SN IIP this work IC983
SN 2016cok 170.079304 12.9824 unclear SN IIP this work M66
SN 2016cvk 334.955792 −40.667555 detection SN IIn-p this work ESO-344-G21
SN 2016eei 46.0820833 −57.583861 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2016cyi 334.243292 46.7353556 long detection SN IIn this work ZOAG G097.31-08.31
SN 2016cyx 35.3449417 16.5652639 detection SN II this work UGC 01814
SN 2016emw 85.225 −12.243277 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2016enk 231.62275 41.7344611 detection SN II this work UGC 09857
SN 2016eso 74.8752333 −28.8609 detection SN IIn this work ESO 422- G 019
SN 2016ezh 29.5197458 −0.8727055 long detection SN II Jiang et al. (2017)  
SN 2016gfy 111.691375 85.7642111 detection SN II this work NGC2276
SN 2016gkg 23.5601667 −29.440061 long detection SN IIb this work NGC 613
SN 2016hbd 44.0258167 27.7015417 blue detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2016hgm 20.5492208 0.95205556 detection SN II this work NGC 493
SN 2016iaf 86.7701292 −25.770508 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2016hvu 338.9815 20.3201611 unclear SN IIP this work NGC 7316
SN 2016hwn 181.070333 21.8005111 detection SN II this work KUG 1201+220
SN 2016idl 151.621292 22.4456306 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2016ieq 320.604958 −11.948561 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2016ija 63.0316667 −32.852911 detection SN II this work NGC1532
SN 2016iot 249.713333 39.8143694 long detection SN IIL this work  
SN 2017it 92.65475 −34.141038 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017pn 71.60245 −11.988402 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017ati 147.48625 67.1832111 detection SN IIb this work  
SN 2017ahn 159.322792 −41.618130 detection SN II this work NGC3318
SN 2017bzb 344.322167 −41.015961 bright detection SN II this work NGC7424
SN 2017cfa 149.266221 −7.8808722 unclear SN IIP this work  
SN 2017cff 204.820833 35.1441194 unclear SN IIP this work GALEXASC J133917.08+350841.1
SN 2017eaw 308.684333 60.1932889 bright detection SN II 2018MNRAS.481.2536K NGC 6946
SN 2017faa 199.76625 −2.51275 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017faf 263.666621 26.3061028 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017fck 79.9765417 −56.185688 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017fqk 43.5092208 2.96793889 detection SN II this work NGC 1137
SN 2017fvr 71.867625 23.9827306 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2017gas 304.297333 58.20225 long detection SN IIn this work 2MASX J20171114+5812094
SN 2017gkp 131.799125 −33.753030 long detection SN II this work  
SN 2017ghw 359.394808 2.08643889 unclear SN IIn this work  
SN 2017gkk 138.435708 76.4790389 detection SN IIb this work NGC2748
SN 2017gmr 38.87575 −9.3541888 detection SN II this work NGC0988
SN 2017gra 49.3820417 −35.152080 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017gvb 121.176583 61.5273694 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017hbg 111.905625 35.6084889 detection SN II this work MCG+06-17-007
SN 2017hca 132.421125 −8.0920111 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017hcd 25.7160417 31.4823806 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017hcc 0.96079167 −11.474611 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017hbj 67.782 −63.31975 detection SN II this work ESO-084-G-020
SN 2017hpi 123.930792 −28.855461 detection SN II this work AM 0813-284
SN 2017hpn 137.007333 27.2514722 detection SN IIP this work PGC25678
SN 2017ijn 145.378833 −11.1995 long detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2017iit 75.8339583 18.4508 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017ivh 204.901042 −11.482219 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017ivv 307.207417 −4.3826083 detection SN II this work  
SN 2017jbj 12.0225833 −2.7895555 detection SN II this work NGC 259
SN 2018bl 126.048292 −77.787930 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018gk 248.97525 40.0327806 detection SN II this work WISE J163554.27+400151.8
SN 2018gn 26.676875 32.5081389 long detection SN II this work KUG 0143+322
SN 2018gj 248.009583 78.2113694 detection SN II this work NGC 6217
SN 2018mc 270.253558 61.6963556 detection SN IIb this work  
SN 2018pn 119.047083 45.5267778 detection SN IIP this work SDSS J075611.44+453138.3
SN 2018pq 193.880379 −50.054711 detection SN II this work IC 3896A
SN 2018yt 134.898292 45.6116389 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2018rz 216.797667 −2.2697805 unclear SN IIP this work NGC5618
SN 2018yo 190.2965 −1.5888305 detection SN IIP this work UGC 7840
SN 2018zd 94.5132917 78.3669889 detection SN II this work NGC 2146
SN 2018aad 59.5064167 −65.506761 detection SN II-pe this work GALEXASC J035801.64-653024.6
SN 2018afm 119.854217 16.4262722 detection SN II this work UGC 4139
SN 2018ahe 224.289617 19.6998944 unclear SN IIP this work UGC 9620
SN 2018amc 164.503208 72.4407194 detection SN II this work GALEXASC J105800.28+722628.0
SN 2018ant 129.131042 −11.828019 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018anu 264.059796 18.9823861 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018aoq 182.65925 39.3966306 detection SN II this work NGC 4151
SN 2018lua 256.477417 33.5208611 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018awp 4.05870833 −31.617461 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018ctj 217.812367 17.1929972 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018bbv 238.953458 −68.870730 detection SN II this work ESO-068-G-013
SN 2018bsz 242.412967 −32.062675 detection SN II Chen (2019) 2MASX J16093905-3203443
SN 2018bwd 222.71025 −77.882269 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2018cgq 13.5105833 47.1807111 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2018cez 21.2328875 −19.802930 long detection SN II this work GALEXASC J012455.64-194808.6
SN 2018cnv 342.366629 −24.383469 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018coq 343.776167 11.2576111 detection SN II this work SDSS J225506.55+111531.8
SN 2018cuf 319.048125 −64.482638 detection SN II this work IC5092
SN 2018cvk 298.883333 −49.886538 detection SN IIn this work ESO 233- G 007
SN 2018dyv 295.822042 −54.570661 detection SN IIn this work 2MASX J19431917-5434257
SN 2018dzc 275.788583 21.249 unclear SN II this work UGC 11216
SN 2018eog 307.050208 −3.1363305 unclear SN II this work 2MASS J20281135-0308096
SN 2018fmf 144.62225 76.3199 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2018fsc 6.96083333 6.30603333 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018fru 204.015667 66.3012111 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018get 113.538108 4.54926944 detection SN II this work UGC 03912
SN 2018gkf 118.2995 23.6517306 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018gjx 34.0649167 28.5912806 detection SN IIb this work NGC 865
SN 2018hay 140.823708 42.3801194 detection SN II this work SDSS J092317.60+422248.7
SN 2018hmx 128.413917 55.5980806 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018hoa 354.300458 40.7217889 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018hna 186.550292 58.3141194 blue then red bright de SN II this work UGC7534
SN 2018hpb 330.393792 −17.46255 unclear SN IIn this work  
SN 2018hov 135.50175 12.3564306 detection SN II this work SDSS J090159.96+122119.8
SN 2018hyw 125.072283 20.8755972 detection SN II this work UGC 4344
SN 2018jah 136.793667 43.9207806 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2018imf 190.672458 13.2652306 detection SN IIP this work NGC 4639
SN 2018iuq 106.472625 12.8929611 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018jkb 35.2908333 −4.0732694 detection SN II this work  
SN 2018khh 330.816625 −55.976788 detection SN IIn this work 2MASX J22031497-5558516
SN 2018lmy 276.11575 46.6193111 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2018ktv 248.015667 39.6083194 detection SN IIL this work  
SN 2018lkg 106.645375 63.8486944 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019qt 224.794375 43.8199111 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019va 203.811167 44.7662889 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2019bjr 130.748467 59.5678528 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2019zc 7.372475 −13.478525 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019bhg 254.859167 46.79915 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2019alr 355.029833 16.4845306 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019bao 157.327167 6.12273056 detection SN IIb this work  
SN 2019bip 158.137404 −19.075380 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019cpo 237.025408 66.9024861 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2019aafi 337.992417 43.8394722 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019dke 193.409167 −26.292061 detection SN II this work ESO 507- G 042
SN 2019dnz 297.131154 2.91375 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019dma 343.707692 36.543625 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2019dtt 338.656292 0.17571111 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019edo 182.964942 24.1365833 detection SN II this work NGC 4162
SN 2019esa 118.753958 −76.411961 detection SN IIn this work ESO 035- G 018
SN 2019etp 359.3465 30.9906306 detection SN II this work UGC 12864
SN 2019fcn 121.783558 −28.056361 detection SN II this work ESO 430- G 020
SN 2019fuo 232.930783 16.7137056 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019hhh 21.64525 51.7213306 detection SN IIP this work  
SN 2019hsw 140.140654 64.0730444 detection SN II this work NGC 2805
SN 2019ibk 26.546375 −16.284580 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019jys 3.856875 −14.253819 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019jyw 16.625925 −2.1987861 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019knu 49.4695917 −7.3031888 detection SN II this work 2MASS J03175281-0718048
SN 2019lkx 55.2621667 34.6520889 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019lkw 256.287917 33.44255 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019aafj 222.165833 30.678 unclear SN IIn this work  
SN 2019mom 28.9022 53.5918944 detection SN IIn this work  
SN 2019mhm 287.849917 −57.055161 detection SN IIP this work NGC6753
SN 2019oje 299.618508 −37.538763 detection SN IIb this work  
SN 2019osl 69.7263333 18.8361806 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2019smj 117.419667 5.07421111 detection SN IIn this work WISEA J074940.69+050411.1
SN 2019tua 329.501167 24.2658611 detection SN II this work  
SN 2019vve 118.939546 32.4060333 unclear SN II this work  
SN 2019vxm 299.618917 62.1377306 detection SN II this work  

Note. The "mid-IR transient" column gives some information about the transient in wiseview, with "long detection" being an exeptionally long transient, "unclear" being a transient that is hard to distinguish from background noise and "bright detection" for bright transients. The machine-readable table also contains more columns from TNS and comments for the light curves with two or more epochs detected.

Only a portion of this table is shown here to demonstrate its form and content. A machine-readable version of the full table is available.

A typical type IIn, SN 2010jl-like (e.g., Bevan et al. 2020) long mid-IR detection begins with a sharp increase of the brightness in two stages with the first increase between pre-detection and epoch 1, then the brightness stays constant or fades between epoch 1 and epoch 2. The second sharp increase happens between epoch 2 and epoch 3 and finally the faiding begins. SN 2014ab (see Moriya et al. 2020), SN 2016eei (Gaia16ate), SN 2016cyi (PTSS-16jik), SN 2016ieq (Gaia16buy), SN 2017gas (ASASSN-17kr), SN 2017hcc (ATLAS17lsn) and SN 2017ijn (ATLAS17nhp) are all type IIn with a more or less SN 2010jl-like mid-IR evolution. SN 2018cez (ASASSN-18ls) was classified as a type II, but also shows a similar evolution. The prototype of these kind of SNe (SN 2010jl) shows interactions of SN ejecta and dense circumstellar material. The second increase in IR-brightness is explained with new dust formation (Bevan et al. 2020).

2. Individual SNe

2.1. SN 2016X (ASASSN-16at)

Not many type IIP are known to have long-lived mid-IR transients, with SN 2004et being a well documented case (Kotak et al. 2009). The initial mid-IR flare of SN 2016X is bright in w1 and w2 in the first epoch, with gradual fading. After several epochs the object is only clearly detected in w2 and is still present in the last epoch. Bose et al. (2019) reports double-peaked Hα and Hβ emission lines, that were observed for the first time for a type II. This is attributed to bipolar nickel ejecta embedded in the spherical hydrogen envelope. Utrobin & Chugai (2019) reports the absence of nebular [O I] emission, and an unusual occultation effect due to the internal dust.

2.2. SN 2016gkg

SN 2016gkg is a type IIb supernova with a suspected asymmetric explosion (Kuncarayakti et al. 2020) and it shows a transient bright in w2, with constant fading over about 8 epochs.

2.3. SN 2016ezh (PS16dtm)

TNS lists this transient as a SN II, but it is interpreted as a tidal disruption event (TDE) with described NEOWISE infrared echo (Jiang et al. 2017). The mid-IR light curve is very different from most SNe II: The brightness increases gradually over several epochs, until reaching a plateau.

2.4. SN 2016iot (Gaia16byk)

This type IIL SN (Gall et al. 2017) shows an mid-IR transient that begins with a plateau and only begins to fade in epoch 5. The other type IIL in my list, called SN 2018ktv (ZTF18acwyvet), has only two detected epochs with steady brightness, but it might evolve in a similar way. Long mid-IR detection is known in the Type II-P/II-L Supernova 2013EJ (Mauerhan et al. 2017) and the mid-IR recording begins about 470 days after the detection of 2013EJ, so a direct comparison to the early plateau of SN 2016iot is not possible.

2.5. SN 2017gvb (ATLAS17ldj)

This type IIn (Dong et al. 2019) supernova show a peculiar mid-infrared transient with gradual increase of the brightness in about 5 epochs without a sign of fading. The transient has an amplitude of only about 0.5 mag, much shallower than the TDE PS16dtm. This transient is located far away from the galaxy nucleus.

2.6. SN 2018gn (ASASSN-18ap)

This transient was classified as a SN II with strong host galaxy contamination (Falco et al. 2018) and shows constant increase in mid-infrared over 3 or 4 epochs and is located over the nucleus of the galaxy. A constant increase with a similar high amplitude is also seen at the TDE PS16dtm (see above). ASASSN-18ap is likely a TDE.

2.7. SN 2018hna

This peculiar SN II is described as a 1987A-like supernova (Singh et al. 2019). The first NEOWISE detection 31 days after the discovery shows no excess. The color changes drastically in epoch 2 and is brighter in w2. The light curve shows a fading of w1 in all three epochs, but an increase from epoch 1 to epoch 2 for w2 and then a fading to epoch 3. The first epoch shows about $w1-w2\approx 0.1$ mag and this increases in epoch 2 to $w1-w2\approx 1.4$ mag.

Facilities: TNS - , CDS - , IRSA - , NEOWISE. -

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10.3847/2515-5172/abd415