Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Study of Long-Duration Flares and Associated Chromospheric and Coronal Ejections in Solar Cycles 23 and 24

  • Published:
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract—

A statistical study of long-duration (long-duration event, LDE) flares in the soft X-ray (SXR) range for solar cycles 23 and 24 is carried out. Graphs of the dependence of the strength of LDE flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on the duration of these flares are constructed. As a result, we find that a significant proportion of LDE flares is not associated with large mass CMEs. This contradicts the hypothesis that the energy required to maintain the post-eruptive phase of LDE flares is supplied by the energy of settling matter after CME eruption. However, most flares are accompanied by mini-eruptions, which may have a significance in the energy balance of LDEs. The diagram of the strength–duration of flares shows that there is a limit of energy and maximum strength of an LDE flare in the SXR range in LDE events. Apparently, this limit differs for cycles 23 and 24. This fact may indicate that there is a limit to the maximum flare energy that can be observed in a particular solar cycle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Antalova, A. and Ogir, M.B., Long-decay soft X-ray flares, Astron. Inst. Czech. Bull., 1988, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brueckner, G.E., Howard, R.A., Koomen, M.J., et al., The large angle spectroscopic coronagraph (LASCO), Sol. Phys., vol. 162, nos. 1–2, pp. 357–402.

  3. Gopalswamy, N., Coronal mass ejections: Initiation and detection, Adv. Space Res., 2003, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 869–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Innes, D.E., Bučík, R., Guo, L.-J., and Nitta, N., Observations of solar X-ray and EUV jets and their related phenomena, Astron. Nachr., 2016, vol. 337, no. 10, pp. 1024–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Katsova, M.M. and Livshits, M.A., The origin of superflares on G-type dwarf stars of various ages, Sol. Phys., 2015, vol. 290, no. 12, pp. 3663–3682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lemen, J.R., Title, A.M., Akin, D.J., et al., The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Sol. Phys., 2008, vol. 275, nos. 1–2, pp. 17–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lim, E.-K., Yurchyshyn, V., and Park, S.-H., Observations of a series of flares and associated jet-like eruptions driven by the emergence of twisted magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 2016, vol. 817, no. 1, id 39.

  8. Livshits, M.A., Belov, A.V., Shakhovskaya, A.N., et al., Coronal mass ejections in July 2005 and an unusual heliospheric event, Cosmic Res., 2013, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 326–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shakhovskaya, A.N. and Akhtemov, Z.S., The relationship between the duration of solar X-ray flares and the mass of associated coronal ejections, Bull. Crimean Astrophys. Obs., 2013, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 86–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Shakhovskaya, A.N., Livshits, M.A., and Chertok, I.M., The role of plasma ejections in the development of large solar flares of various durations, Astron. Rep., 2006, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 1013–1025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sharykin, I.N., Struminskii, A.B., and Zimovets, I.V., Plasma heating to super-hot temperature (>30 MK) in the August 9, 2011 solar flare, Astron. Lett., 2015, vol. 41, nos. 1–2, pp. 53–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shibasaki, K., Energy and mass supply in the decay phase of long-duration solar flare events, Astrophys. J., 2002, vol. 567, no. 1, pp. L85–L87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Struminskii, A.B., Logachev, Yu.I, Grigor’eva, I.Yu., and Sadovskii, A.M., Two types of long-term flares: solar protons and relativistic electrons, in Trudy XXIII konf. “Solnechnaya i solnechno–zemnaya fizika-2019” (Proc. of the XXIII Conf. “Solar and Solar–Terrestrial Physics-2019”), Moscow: GAO RAN, 2019, pp. 377–380.

  14. Struminskii, A.B., Grigor’eva, I.Yu., Logachev, Yu.I., and Sadovskii, A.M., Solar electrons and protons in the events of September 4–10, 2017 and related phenomena, Plasma Phys. Rep., 2020, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 176–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wyper, P.F. and DeVore, C.R., Simulations of solar jets confined by coronal loops, Astrophys. J., 2016, vol. 820, no. 1, id 77.

  16. Yashiro, S. and Gopalswamy, N., Statistical relationship between solar flares and coronal mass ejections, Proc. Int. Astron. Union Symp., 2009, vol. 257, pp. 233–243.

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the teams of SOHO/LASCO, SDO/AIA, and HMI, GOES, STEREO/SECCHI for their open data policy. The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for helpful remarks and A.B. Struminskii for useful comments.

Funding

A.N. Shakhovskaya (Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences) acknowledges the support of the program General and Local Characteristics of the Sun. I.Yu. Grigor’eva (Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo) acknowledges the support of the program Energy Release.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauchnij, Republic of Crimea, Russia

    A. N. Shakhovskaya

  2. Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, St. Petersburg, Russia

    I. Yu. Grigor’eva

Authors
  1. A. N. Shakhovskaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. I. Yu. Grigor’eva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to A. N. Shakhovskaya or I. Yu. Grigor’eva.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Translated by O. Pismenov

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shakhovskaya, A.N., Grigor’eva, I.Y. Study of Long-Duration Flares and Associated Chromospheric and Coronal Ejections in Solar Cycles 23 and 24. Geomagn. Aeron. 60, 921–928 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793220070221

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793220070221

Search

Navigation