Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Science Goals and Mission Objectives for the Future Exploration of Ice Giants Systems: A Horizon 2061 Perspective

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The comparative study of planetary systems is a unique source of new scientific insight: following the six “key science questions” of the “Planetary Exploration, Horizon 2061” long-term foresight exercise, it can reveal to us the diversity of their objects (Question 1) and of their architectures (Question 2), help us better understand their origins (Question 3) and how they work (Question 4), find and characterize habitable worlds (Question 5), and ultimately, search for alien life (Question 6). But a huge “knowledge gap” exists which limits the applicability of this approach in the solar system itself: two of its secondary planetary systems, the ice giant systems of Uranus and Neptune, remain poorly explored.

Starting from an analysis of our current limited knowledge of solar system ice giants and their systems in the light of these six key science questions, we show that a long-term plan for the space exploration of ice giants and their systems will greatly contribute to answer these questions. To do so, we identify the key measurements needed to address each of these questions, the destinations to choose (Uranus, Neptune, Triton or a subset of them), the combinations of space platform(s) and the types of flight sequences needed.

We then examine the different launch windows available until 2061, using a Jupiter fly-by, to send a mission to Uranus or Neptune, and find that:

(1) an optimized choice of platforms and flight sequences makes it possible to address a broad range of the key science questions with one mission at one of the planets. Combining an atmospheric entry probe with an orbiter tour starting on a high-inclination, low periapse orbit, followed by a sequence of lower inclination orbits (or the other way around) appears to be an optimal choice.

(2) a combination of two missions to each of the ice giant systems, to be flown in parallel or in sequence, will address five out of the six key questions and establish the prerequisites to address the sixth one: searching for life at one of the most promising Ice Giant moons.

(3) The 2032 Jupiter fly-by window, which offers a unique opportunity to implement this plan, should be considered in priority; if this window cannot be met, using the 2036 Jupiter fly-by window to send a mission to Uranus first, and then the 2045 window for a mission to Neptune, will allow one to achieve the same objectives; as a back-up option, one should consider an orbiter + probe mission to one of the planets and a close fly-by of the other planet to deliver a probe into its atmosphere, using the opportunity of a future mission on its way to Kuiper Belt Objects or the interstellar medium;

(4) based on the examination of the habitability of the different moons by the first two missions, a third one can be properly designed to search for life at the most promising moon, likely Triton, or one of the active moons of Uranus.

Thus, by 2061 the first two missions of this plan can be implemented and a third mission focusing on the search for life can be designed. Given that such a plan may be out of reach of a single national agency, international collaboration is the most promising way to implement it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • C.B. Agnor, D.P. Hamilton, Nature 441, 192 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Anderson, G. Schubert, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (2007)

  • S.K. Atreya, A.-S. Wong, Space Sci. Rev. 116, 121 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.K. Atreya, P.R. Mahaffy, H.B. Niemann, M.H. Wong, T.C. Owen, Planet. Space Sci. 51, 105 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.K. Atreya, M.H. Hofstadter, J.H. In, O. Mousis, K. Reh, M.H. Wong, Space Sci. Rev. 216, 18 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Bagenal, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 20, 289 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Banfield, N. Murray, Icarus 99(2), 390–401 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Barthélemy, L. Lamy, H. Menager, M. Schulik, D. Bernard, H. Abgrall, E. Roueff, G. Cessateur, R. Prange, J. Lilensten, Icarus 239, 160 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Bayon, ESA CDF Study (2019)

  • K.W. Behannon, R.P. Lepping, E.C. Sittler Jr., N.F. Ness, B.H. Mauk, S.M. Krimigis, R.L. McNutt Jr., J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 15354 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bhatt, V. Reddy, K. Schindler et al., Composition of Jupiter irregular satellites sheds light on their origin. Astron. Astroph. 608 (2017)

  • D. Bhattacharyya, J.T. Clarke, J. Montgomery, B. Bonfond, J.-C. Gérard, D. Grodent, Evidence for auroral emissions from Callisto’s footprint in HST UV images. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 123, 364–373 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024791

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bigg, Influence of the satellite I\(o\) on Jupiter’s decametric emission. Nature 203, 1008–1010 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1038/2031008a0

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Blanc et al., Joint Europa Mission (JEM): a multi-scale study of Europa to Characterize its Habitability and Search for extant life. Planet. Space Sci. 193, 104960 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2020.104960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Bodenheimer, J.B. Pollack, Icarus 67(3), 391–408 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(86)90122-3

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.C. Boley, T. Hayfield, L. Mayer, R.H. Durisen, Icarus 207, 509 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Boss, G.W. Wetherill, N. Haghighipour, Icarus 156, 291 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Borderies, P. Goldreich, S. Tremaine, Nature 299, 209 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.S. Bridge, J.W. Belcher, B. Coppi, A.J. Lazarus, R.L. McNutt, S. Olbert, J.D. Richardson, M.R. Sands, R.S. Selesnick, J.D. Sullivan et al., Science 233, 89 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Brilliantov, P.L. Krapivsky, A. Bodrova, F. Spahn, H. Hayakawa, V. Stadnichuk, J. Schmidt, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 9536 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. Broadfoot, F. Herbert, J.B. Holberg, D.M. Hunten, S. Kumar, B.R. Sandel, D.E. Shemansky, G.R. Smith, R.V. Yelle, D.F. Strobel et al., Science 233, 74 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. Broadfoot, S.K. Atreya, J.L. Bertaux, J.E. Blamont, A.J. Dessler, T.M. Donahue, W.T. Forrester, D.T. Hall, F. Herbert, J.B. Holberg et al., Science 246, 1459 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Brown, A.R. Rhoden, The 3 μspectrum of Jupiter’s irregular satellite Himalia. Astrophys. J. Lett. 793, L44 (2014). 3 pp

  • R.H. Brown, D.P. Cruikshank, J. Veverka, P. Helfenstein, J. Eluszkiewicz, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995), pp. 991–1030

    Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Buratti, J.A. Mosher, Icarus 90, 1 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley Jr., J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 103, 23727 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Burns, M.R. Showalter, D.P. Hamilton, P.D. Nicholson, I. de Pater, M.E. Ockert-Bell, P.C. Thomas, Science 284, 1146 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Burns, D.P. Simonelli, M.R. Showalter, D.P. Hamilton, C.D. Porco, H. Throop, L.W. Esposito, in Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 185–218

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Čadek, G. Tobie, T. Van Hoolst, M. Massé, G. Choblet, A. Lefèvre, G. Mitri, R.-M. Baland, M. Běhounková, O. Bourgeois et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Canup, Nature 468, 943 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Canup, W.R. Ward, Astron. J. 124, 3404 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Canup, W.R. Ward, Nature 441, 834 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Cao, C. Paty, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122, 6318 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.W. Carlson, W.M. Calvin, J.B. Dalton, G.B. Hansen, R.L. Hudson, R.E. Johnson, T.B. McCord, M.H. Moore, Europa 283 (2009)

  • M.H. Carr, J.W. Head III, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 294, 185 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Charnoz, R.M. Canup, A. Crida, L. Dones (2018). arXiv:1703.09741

  • J.-Y. Chaufray, L. Lamy, P. Rousselot, M. Barthélémy, UV Exploration of the solar system, Astro2020: Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics, Science white papers, 52 (2019)

  • A.F. Cheng, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 15309 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.F. Cheng, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1669 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.F. Cheng, S.M. Krimigis, L.J. Lanzerotti, Energetic particles at Uranus, in Uranus, ed. by J.T. Bergstrahl, E.D. Miner, M.S. Matthews (Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1991), pp. 831–893

    Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Cheng, J.M. Aurnou, K. Julien, R.P.J. Kunnen, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 112, 277 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Clarke et al., Hubble Space Telescope imaging of Jupiter’s UV aurora during the Galileo orbiter mission. J. Geophys. Res. 103(E9), 20217–20236 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01130

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Clarke et al., Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Gany- mede and Europa on Jupiter. Nature 415, 997 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Colombo, F.A. Franklin, Icarus 15, 186 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Colwell, L.W. Esposito, J. Geophys. Res., Planets 97, 10227 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Colwell, L.W. Esposito, J. Geophys. Res., Planets 98, 7387 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Colwell, P.D. Nicholson, M.S. Tiscareno, C.D. Murray, R.G. French, E.A. Marouf, in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (Springer, Berlin, 2009), pp. 375–412

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E.P. Connerney, M.H. Acuña, N.F. Ness, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 15329 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E.P. Connerney, M.H. Acuna, N.F. Ness, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 96, 19023 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Coradini, D. Turrini, C. Federico, G. Magni, Space Sci. Rev. 163, 25 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.W.H. Cowley, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118, 2897 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Crida, S. Charnoz, Science 338, 1196 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Crida, S. Charnoz, H.-W. Hsu, L. Dones, Nat. Astron. 1 (2019)

  • S.K. Croft, J.S. Kargel, R.L. Kirk, J.M. Moore, P.M. Schenk, R.G. Strom, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995), pp. 879–947

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Ćuk, J.A. Burns, Icarus 167, 369 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ćuk, L. Dones, D. Nesvorny, Astrophys. J. 820, 97 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Cuzzi, R. Clark, G. Filacchione, R. French, R. Johnson, E. Marouf, L. Spilker, in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (Springer, Berlin, 2009), pp. 459–509

    Google Scholar 

  • J.N. Cuzzi, G. Filacchione, E.A. Marouf, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018), pp. 51–92

    Google Scholar 

  • B.J.R. Davidsson, Icarus 142, 525 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. de Pater, S.G. Gibbard, E. Chiang, H.B. Hammel, B. Macintosh, F. Marchis, S.C. Martin, H.G. Roe, M. Showalter, Icarus 174, 263 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. de Pater, S.G. Gibbard, H.B. Hammel, Icarus 180, 186 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. de Pater, H.B. Hammel, M.R. Showalter, M.A. van Dam, Science 317, 1888 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. de Pater, D.P. Hamilton, M.R. Showalter, H.B. Throop, J.A. Burns, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D. Murray (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2018a)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. de Pater, S. Renner, M.R. Showalter, B. Sicardy, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018b), pp. 112–124

    Google Scholar 

  • R.B. Decker, A.F. Cheng, A model of Triton’s role in Neptune’s magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 99(E9), 19,027–19,045 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Deleuil, D. Pollacco, C. Baruteau, H. Rauer, M. Blanc, Topical series “in-situ exploration of Ice Giants”. Space Sci. Rev. (2020)

  • M.D. Desch, M.L. Kaiser, P. Zarka, A. Lecacheux, Y. Leblanc, M. Aubier, A. Ortega-Molina, Uranus 894 (1991)

  • L. Dones, Icarus 92, 194 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Dumas, R.J. Terrile, B.A. Smith, G. Schneider, E.E. Becklin, Nature 400, 733 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Elliot, E. Dunham, D. Mink, Nature 267, 328 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Esposito, Planetary Rings (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • L.W. Esposito, A. Brahic, J.A. Burns, E.A. Marouf, Particles properties and processes in Uranus’ rings, in Uranus, ed. by J.T. Bergstralh, E.D. Miner, M.S. Matthews (The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1991), pp. 410–465

    Google Scholar 

  • P.R. Estrada, R.H. Durisen, H.N. Latter, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol. (2018), pp. 198–224

    Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Fagents, J. Geophys. Res., Planets 108 (2003)

  • L.N. Fletcher, N. André, D. Andrews, M. Bannister, E. Bunce, T. Cavalié, S. Charnoz, F. Ferri, J. Fortney, D. Grassi, et al. (2019). arXiv:1907.02963

  • L.N. Fletcher et al., Ice giant system exploration in the 2020s: an introduction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 378, 20190473 (2020)

  • R.G. French, P.D. Nicholson, C.C. Porco, E.A. Marouf, in Uranus, ed. by J.T. Bergstralh, E.D. Miner, M.S. Matthews (1991), pp. 327–409

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Friedson, Ice giant seismology: prospecting for normal modes. Philos. Trans. - Royal Soc., Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Fulton, E.A. Petigura, Astron. J. 156, 264 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Fulton, E.A. Petigura, A.W. Howard, H. Isaacson, G.W. Marcy, P.A. Cargile, L. Hebb, L.M. Weiss, J.A. Johnson, T.D. Morton et al., Astron. J. 154, 109 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Gaulme, B. Mosser, F.-X. Schmider, T. Guillot, Seismology of giant planets, in Extraterrestrial Seismology, ed. by V. Tong, R. Garcia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015), pp. 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107300668.017

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • D. Gautier, F. Hersant, O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, Astrophys. J. 550, L227–L230 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Glein, F. Postberg, S.D. Vance, Enceladus and the Icy Moons of Saturn, vol. 39 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Goldreich, S. Tremaine, Icarus 34, 240 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Goldreich, S. Tremaine, Nature 277, 97 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Gomes, H.F. Levison, K. Tsiganis, A. Morbidelli, Nature 435, 466 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Grasset, M.K. Dougherty, A. Coustenis, E.J. Bunce, C. Erd, D. Titov, M. Blanc, A. Coates, P. Drossart, L.N. Fletcher, H. Hussmann, R. Jaumann, N. Krupp, J.-P. Lebreton, O. Prieto-Ballesteros, P. Tortora m, F. Tosi, T. Van Hoolst, JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE): an ESA mission to orbit Ganymede and to characterise the Jupiter system. Planet. Space Sci. 78, 1–21 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.12.002

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Grav, M.J. Holman, Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune. Astrophys. J. 613, L77–L80 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Grav, M.J. Holman, B.J. Gladman, K. Aksnes, Photometric survey of the irregular satellites. Icarus 166, 33–45 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Graykowski, D. Jewitt, Ap. J. 155, 184 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Gresh, E.A. Marouf, G.L. Tyler, P.A. Rosen, R.A. Simpson, Icarus 78, 131 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Griton, F. Pantellini, Astron. Astrophys. 633, A87 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Griton, F. Pantellini, Z. Meliani, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 123, 5394 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Guillot, Science 269, 1697 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Guillot (2019). arXiv:1908.02092

  • M.C. Gutzwiller, Moon-Earth-Sun: the oldest three-body problem. Rev. Mod. Phys. 70(2), 589 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.589

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Hand, Report of the Europa Lander Science Definition Team (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2017)

  • K.P. Hand, R.W. Carlson, C.F. Chyba, Astrobiology 7, 1006 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Hansen, A.S. McEwen, A.P. Ingersoll, R.J. Terrile, Science 250, 421 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.M. Hedman, P.D. Nicholson, K.H. Baines, B.J. Buratti, C. Sotin, R.N. Clark, R.H. Brown, R.G. French, E.A. Marouf, Astron. J. 139, 228 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Helled, J. Fortney, The interiors of Uranus and Neptune: current understanding and open questions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 378, 2187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Helled, J.D. Anderson, M. Podolak, G. Schubert, Astrophys. J. 726, 15 (2010a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Helled, J.D. Anderson, G. Schubert, Icarus 210, 446 (2010b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Helled, J.D. Anderson, M. Podolak, G. Schubert, Astrophys. J. 726, 15 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Helled, N. Nettelman, T. Guillot, Space Sci. Rev. (2020), submitted

  • A.R. Hendrix, T.A. Hurford, L.M. Barge, M.T. Bland, J.S. Bowman, W. Brinckerhoff, B.J. Buratti, M.L. Cable, J. Castillo-Rogez, G.C. Collins et al., Astrobiology 19, 1 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Heppenheimer, C. Porco, Icarus 30, 385 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Herbert, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 114 (2009)

  • F. Herbert, B.R. Sandel, Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1119 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.L.G. Hess, W.S. Kurth (2011). White Paper for the NASA Solar and Heliosphere Decadal Survey 2013–2022

  • C.A. Higgins, Satellite control of Jovian 2–6 MHz radio emission using Voyager data. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A05213 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012100

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Hill, A.J. Dessler, M.E. Rassbach, Planet. Space Sci. 31, 1187 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Hofstadter, A. Simon, K. Reh, J. Elliot, Rept. D-100520, Jet Propuls. Lab., Pasadena, CA (2017)

  • M. Hofstadter, A. Simon, S. Atreya, D. Banfield, J.J. Fortney, A. Hayes, M. Hedman, G. Hospodarsky, K. Mandt, A. Masters et al., Planet. Space Sci. 177, 104680 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Holme, J. Bloxham, J. Geophys. Res., Planets 101, 2177 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Horányi, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 383 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Horányi, J.A. Burns, M.M. Hedman, G.H. Jones, S. Kempf, in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (Springer, Berlin, 2009), pp. 511–536

    Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Howell, R.T. Pappalardo, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 4701–4709 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077594

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Howell, R.T. Pappalardo, Nat. Commun. 11, 1 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.-W. Hsu, F. Postberg, Y. Sekine, T. Shibuya, S. Kempf, M. Horányi, A. Juhász, N. Altobelli, K. Suzuki, Y. Masaki et al., Nature 519, 207 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.-W. Hsu, J. Schmidt, S. Kempf, F. Postberg, G. Moragas-Klostermeyer, M. Seiß, H. Hoffmann, M. Burton, S. Ye, W.S. Kurth et al., Science 362, eaat3185 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.B. Hubbard, Science 231, 1276 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Hueso, A. Sánchez-Lavega, Space Sci. Rev. 215, 52 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Hueso, T. Guillot, A. Sanchez-Lavega, Philos. Trans. R. Astron. Soc. 378, 2187 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Hussmann, F. Sohl, T. Spohn, Icarus 185, 258 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Hyodo, S. Charnoz, Astron. J. 154, 34 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Hyodo, S. Charnoz, H. Genda, K. Ohtsuki, in AAS/Division Planet. Sci. Meet. Abstr., vol. 49 (2017a)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Hyodo, S. Charnoz, K. Ohtsuki, H. Genda, Icarus 282, 195 (2017b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Ida, S. Ueta, T. Sasaki, Y. Ishizawa, Nat. Astron. 1 (2020)

  • L. Iess, N.J. Rappaport, P. Tortora, J. Lunine, J.W. Armstrong, S.W. Asmar, L. Somenzi, F. Zingoni, Icarus 190, 585 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Iess, D.J. Stevenson, M. Parisi, D. Hemingway, R.A. Jacobson, J.I. Lunine, F. Nimmo, J.W. Armstrong, S.W. Asmar, M. Ducci et al., Science 344, 78 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Iess, B. Militzer, Y. Kaspi, P. Nicholson, D. Durante, P. Racioppa, A. Anabtawi, E. Galanti, W. Hubbard, M.J. Mariani et al., Science 364, eaat2965 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.G.J. Irwin, D. Toledo, R. Garland, N.A. Teanby, L.N. Fletcher, G.A. Orton, B. Bézard, Nat. Astron. 2, 420 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.G.J. Irwin, D. Toledo, R. Garland, N.A. Teanby, L.N. Fletcher, G.S. Orton, B. Bézard, Icarus 321, 550 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Isbell, A.J. Dessler, J.H. Waite Jr., J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 89, 10716 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Jacobson, J.K. Campbell, A.H. Taylor, S.P. Synnott, Astron. J. 103, 2068 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Jankowski, S.W. Squyres, Science 241, 1322 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Jeffreys, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 107, 260–262 (1947)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Jewitt, N. Haghighipour, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45 (2007)

  • X. Jia, M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, W.S. Kurth, Nat. Astron. 2, 459 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.V. Johnson, in Treatise on Geochemistry, ed. by A.M. Davis (2003), p. 711

    Google Scholar 

  • T.V. Johnson, R.H. Brown, L.A. Soderblom, Sci. Am. 256, 48 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Journaux, K. Kalousová, C. Sotin, G. Tobie, S. Vance, J. Saur, O. Bollengier, L. Noack, T. Rückriemen-Bez, T. Van Hoolst et al., Space Sci. Rev. 216, 7 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Kaspi, A.P. Showman, W.B. Hubbard, O. Aharonson, R. Helled, Nature 497, 344 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Kattenhorn, L.M. Prockter, Nat. Geosci. 7, 762 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Keiling, C. Jackman, P. Delamere, Magnetotails in the Solar System (Wiley, New York, 2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kempf, N. Altobelli, R. Srama, J.N. Cuzzi, P.R. Estrada, in AGUFM, vol. 2017 (2017), p. P34A

    Google Scholar 

  • K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, D.J. Stevenson, G. Schubert, C.T. Russell, R.J. Walker, C. Polanskey, Nature 395, 777 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.W. Kieffer, X. Lu, C.M. Bethke, J.R. Spencer, S. Marshak, A. Navrotsky, Science 314, 1764 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.M. King, J.M. Aurnou, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 6688 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Kirk, R.H. Brown, L.A. Soderblom, Science 250, 424 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Kirk, L.A. Soderblom, R.H. Brown, S.W. Kieffer, J.S. Kargel, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995), pp. 949–989

    Google Scholar 

  • A.C. Kistler, Voyager 2 detection of Uranian hectometric radio arcs. M. S. thesis, University of Iowa (1988)

  • M.G. Kivelson, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, M. Volwerk, R.J. Walker, C. Zimmer, Science 289, 1340 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kouchi, T. Yamamoto, T. Kozasa, T. Kuroda, J.M. Greenberg, Astron. Astrophys. 290, 1009–1018 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Krüger, D.P. Hamilton, R. Moissl, E. Grün, Icarus 203, 198 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Kumar, I. de Pater, M.R. Showalter, in AGU Fall Meeting Abstract, vol. P34C-07 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Lamy, Auroral emissions from Uranus and Neptune. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 378, 2187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Lamy, R. Prangé, K.C. Hansen, J.T. Clarke, P. Zarka, B. Cecconi, J. Aboudarham, N. André, G. Branduardi-Raymont, R. Gladstone et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 39 (2012)

  • L. Lamy, R. Prangé, K.C. Hansen, C. Tao, S.W.H. Cowley, T.S. Stallard, H. Melin, N. Achilleos, P. Guio, S.V. Badman et al., J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122, 3997 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Lamy, C. Berland, N. André, R. Prangé, T. Fouchet, T. Encrenaz, E. Gendron, X. Haubois, C. Tao, T. Kim (2018). arXiv:1810.08526

  • J. Leconte, F. Selsis, F. Hersant, T. Guillot, Astron. Astrophys. 598, A98 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Lepping, Planet. Space Sci. 42, 847 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.F. Levison, W.F. Bottke, M. Gounelle, A. Morbidelli, D. Nesvorny, K. Tsiganis, Nature 460, 364 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Li, A.A. Christou, Astron. J. 159, 184 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Li, A. Ingersoll, M. Janssen, S. Levin, S. Bolton, V. Adumitroaie, M. Allison, J. Arballo, A. Bellotti, S. Brown et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 5317 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lissauer, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 31, 129–172 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001021

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Lockwood, Icarus 324, 77 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.-Y. Longaretti, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018), pp. 225–275

    Google Scholar 

  • C.K. Louis, L. Lamy, P. Zarka, B. Cecconi, S.L. Hess, Detection of Jupiter decametric emissions controlled by Europa and Ganymede with Voyager/PRA and Cassini/RPWS. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122, 9228–9247 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023779

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.I. Lunine, Acta Astronaut. 131, 123 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.I. Lunine, D.J. Stevenson, Icarus 52, 14 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.E. Mandt, O. Mousis, S. Treat, Determining the origin of the building blocks of the Ice Giants based on analogue measurements from comets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 491(1), 488–494 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3061

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.E. Mandt, O. Mousis, J. Lunine, B. Marty, T. Smith, A. Luspay-Kuti, A. Aguichine, Space Sci. Rev. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00723-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Martynov, P.V. Merkulov, I.V. Lomakin et al., Advanced Russian mission Laplace-P to study the planetary system of Jupiter: scientific goals, objectives, special features and mission profile. Sol. Syst. Res. 51, 555–562 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0038094617070127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Masters, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 119, 5520 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Masters, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 7320 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Masters, H. Manners, J. Saur, in AGUFM, vol. 2019, p. P13B (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Mayor, D. Queloz, Nature 378, 355–359 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.B. McCord, G.B. Hansen, C.A. Hibbitts, Science 292, 1523 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. McNutt et al., Acta Astronaut. 162, 284–299 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.B. McKinnon, R.L. Kirk, in Encycl. Sol. Syst. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014), pp. 861–881

    Google Scholar 

  • W.B. McKinnon, A.C. Leith, Icarus 118, 392 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Menietti, D.A. Gurnett, I. Christopher, Control of Jovian radio emission by Callisto. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3047 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012965

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Millot, S. Hamel, J.R. Rygg, P.M. Celliers, G.W. Collins, F. Coppari, D.E. Fratanduono, R. Jeanloz, D.C. Swift, J.H. Eggert, Nat. Phys. 14, 297 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Millot, F. Coppari, J.R. Rygg, A.C. Barrios, S. Hamel, D.C. Swift, J.H. Eggert, Nature 569, 251 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.D. Miner, J. Br. Astron. Assoc. 100, 316 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Mizuno, in Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 64 (1980), pp. 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.64.544

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • A. Morbidelli, S.N. Raymond, Challenges in planet formation. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 121, 1962–1980 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005088

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Morbidelli, H.F. Levison, K. Tsiganis, R. Gomes, Nature 435, 462 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Morbidelli, K. Tsiganis, K. Batygin, A. Crida, R. Gomes, Icarus 219, 737 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.I. Moses, L.N. Fletcher, T.K. Greathouse, G.S. Orton, V. Hue, Icarus 307, 124–145 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.02.004

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Mosqueira, P.R. Estrada, Icarus 163, 198 (2003a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Mosqueira, P.R. Estrada, Icarus 163, 232 (2003b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.Mosqueira, P. Estrada, D. Turrini, Space Sci. Rev. 153, 431–446 (2010a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9614-6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Mosqueira, P.R. Estrada, S. Charnoz, Icarus (2010b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, N. Madhusudhan, T.V. Johnson, Nebular water depletion as the cause of Jupiter’s low oxygen abundance. Astrophys. J. Lett. 751(1), L7 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/751/1/L7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Mousis, D.H. Atkinson, T. Cavalié, L.N. Fletcher, M.J. Amato, S. Aslam, F. Ferri, J.-B. Renard, T. Spilker, E. Venkatapathy et al., Planet. Space Sci. 155, 12 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Mousis, D.H. Atkinson, R. Ambrosi, S. Atreya, D. Banfield, S. Barabash, M. Blanc, T. Cavalié, A. Coustenis, M. Deleuil et al., (2019). arXiv:1908.00917

  • F. Namouni, C. Porco, Nature 417, 45 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N.F. Ness, M.H. Acuna, K.W. Behannon, L.F. Burlaga, J.E.P. Connerney, R.P. Lepping, F.M. Neubauer, Science 233, 85 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N.F. Ness, M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, J.E.P. Connerney, R.P. Lepping, F.M. Neubauer, Science 246, 1473 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Nesvorny, D. Vorkrouhlicky, A. Morbidelli, Astron. J. 133(5), 1962 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Nesvorny, D. Vorkrouhlicky, R. Deienno, Astrophys. J. 784(1), 22 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/22. 6 pp.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Nettelmann, R. Helled, J.J. Fortney, R. Redmer, Planet. Space Sci. 77, 143 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Nettelmann, K. Wang, J.J. Fortney, S. Hamel, S. Yellamilli, M. Bethkenhagen, R. Redmer, Icarus 275, 107 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Neveu, L.E. Hays, M.A. Voytek, M.H. New, M.D. Schulte, Astrobiology 18, 1375 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.D. Nicholson, T.J. Jones, K. Matthews, in Planet. Rings (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.D. Nicholson, R.G. French, J.N. Spitale, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018a), pp. 276–307

    Google Scholar 

  • P.D. Nicholson, I. De Pater, R.G. French, M.R. Showalter, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol, ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018b), pp. 93–111

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Nimmo, M. Manga, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 21 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Nimmo, J.R. Spencer, Icarus 246, 2 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Nimmo, D.P. Hamilton, W.B. McKinnon, P.M. Schenk, R.P. Binzel, C.J. Bierson, R.A. Beyer, J.M. Moore, S.A. Stern, H.A. Weaver et al., Nature 540, 94 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Ockert, J.N. Cuzzi, C.C. Porco, T.V. Johnson, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 14969 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ogihara, S. Ida, Astrophys. J. 753, 60 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Owen, Y. Wu, Astrophys. J. 775, 105 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Ozgurel, O. Mousis, F. Pauzat, Y. Ellinger, A. Markovits, S. Vance, F. Leblanc, Astrophys. J. Lett. 865, L16 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.T. Pappalardo, J.W. Head, R. Greeley, R.J. Sullivan, C. Pilcher, G. Schubert, W.B. Moore, M.H. Carr, J.M. Moore, M.J.S. Belton et al., Nature 391, 365 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Paty, C. Arridge, I. Cohen, G. DiBraccio, R. Ebert, A. Rymer, Ice giant magnetospheres. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 378, 2187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Pearl, B.J. Conrath, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 96, 18921 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Pearl, B.J. Conrath, R.A. Hanel, J.A. Pirraglia, A. Coustenis, Icarus 84, 12 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Perri, A.G.W. Cameron, Hydrodynamic instability of the solar nebula in the presence of a planetary core. Icarus 22, 416–425 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(74)90074-8

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Podolak, J.B. Pollack, R.T. Reynolds, Interactions of planetesimals with protoplanetary atmospheres. Icarus (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(88)90090-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Podolak, W.B. Hubbard, D.J. Stevenson, in Uranus. Space Science Series (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1991), pp. 29–61

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Podolak, R. Helled, G. Schubert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 487, 2653 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Pollack, J.A. Burns, M.E. Tauber, Icarus 37, 587 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Pollack, O. Hubickyi, P. Bodenheimer, J.J. Lissauer, M. Podolak, Y. Greenzweig, Icarus 124(1), 62–85 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0190

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Porco, E. Baker, J. Barbara, K. Beurle, A. Brahic, J.A. Burns, S. Charnoz, N. Cooper, D.D. Dawson, A.D. Del Genio et al., Science 307, 1237 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Postberg, S. Kempf, J. Schmidt, N. Brilliantov, A. Beinsen, B. Abel, U. Buck, R. Srama, Nature 459, 1098 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Prangé, D. Rego, D. Southwood et al., Rapid energy dissipation and variability of the lo–Jupiter electrodynamic circuit. Nature 379, 323–325 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1038/379323a0

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.M. Prockter, K.L. Mitchell, C.J.A. Howett, W.D. Smythe, B.M. Sutin, D.A. Bearden, W.E. Frazier, in Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Pryor, A. Rymer, D. Mitchell et al., The auroral footprint of Enceladus on Saturn. Nature 472, 331–333 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09928

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Rathbun, J.R. Spencer, Icarus 338, 113500 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Rathbun, G.S. Musser Jr., S.W. Squyres, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4157 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Rettig, K. Walsh, G. Consolmagno, Implied evolutionary differences of the Jovian irregular satellites from a BVR color survey. Icarus 154, 313–320 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Richardson, J.W. Belcher, A. Szabo, R.L. McNutt Jr., Neptune and Triton, vol. 279 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Rogoszinski, D.P. Hamilton, Astrophys. J. 888, 60 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Ronnet, A. Johansen, Astron. Astrophys. 633, A93 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Roth, J. Saur, K.D. Retherford, D.F. Strobel, P.D. Feldman, M.A. McGrath, F. Nimmo, Science 343, 171 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Rufu, R.M. Canup, Astron. J. 154, 208 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Rymer et al. (2011). White Paper for the NASA Solar and Heliosphere Decadal Survey 2013–2022

  • A. Rymer, K. Mandt, D. Hurley, C. Lisse, N. Izenberg, H.T. Smith, J. Westlake, E. Bunce, C. Arridge, A. Masters et al. (2018). arXiv:1804.03573

  • H. Salo, K. Ohtsuki, M.C. Lewis, in Planet. Ring Syst. Prop. Struct. Evol., ed. by M.S. Tiscareno, C.D.E. Murray (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018), pp. 434–493

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Sánchez-Lavega, L.A. Sromovsky, A.P. Showman, A.D. Del Genio, R.M.B. Young, R. Hueso, E. García-Melendo, Y. Kaspi, G.S.O. Orton, N. Barrado-Izagirre et al., Zonal Jets: Phenomenology, Genesis, and Physics, vol. 72 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Sandel, F. Herbert, A.J. Dessler, T.W. Hill, Aurora and airglow on the night side of Neptune. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1693–1696 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i010p01693

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Saur, S. Duling, L. Roth, X. Jia, D.F. Strobel, P.D. Feldman, U.R. Christensen, K.D. Retherford, M.A. McGrath, F. Musacchio et al., The search for a subsurface ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope observations of its auroral ovals. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 120, 1715 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020778

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Schenk, K. Zahnle, Icarus 192, 135 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Schulz, M.C. McNab, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 101, 5095 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Sekine, T. Shibuya, F. Postberg, H.-W. Hsu, K. Suzuki, Y. Masaki, T. Kuwatani, M. Mori, P.K. Hong, M. Yoshizaki et al., Nat. Commun. 6 (2015)

  • R.S. Selesnick, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1681 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Selesnick, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 97, 10857 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Selesnick, R.L. McNutt, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 15249 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Selesnick, J.D. Richardson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 624 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Shibaike, C.W. Ormel, S. Ida, S. Okuzumi, T. Sasaki, Astrophys. J. 885, 79 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Showalter, The Rings and Small Moons of Uranus and Neptune. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 378, 2187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Showalter, J.J. Lissauer, Science 311, 973 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Showalter, J.N. Cuzzi, S.M. Larson, Icarus 94, 451 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Showalter, A.F. Cheng, H.A. Weaver, S.A. Stern, J.R. Spencer, H.B. Throop, E.M. Birath, D. Rose, J.M. Moore, Science 318, 232 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Showalter, M.M. Hedman, J.A. Burns, Science 332, 711 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.L. Siscoe, Planet. Space Sci. 19, 483 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Smith, L.A. Soderblom, R. Beebe, D. Bliss, J.M. Boyce, A. Brahic, G.A. Briggs, R.H. Brown, S.A. Collins, A.F. Cook, S.K. Croft, J.N. Cuzzi, G.E. Danielson, M.E. Davies, T.E. Dowling, D. Godfrey, C.J. Hansen, C. Harris, G.E. Hunt, A.P. Ingersoll, T.V. Johnson, R.J. Krauss, H. Masursky, D. Morrison, T. Owen, J.B. Plescia, J.B. Pollack, C.C. Porco, K. Rages, C. Sagan, E.M. Shoemaker, L.A. Sromovsky, C. Stoker, R.G. Strom, V.E. Suomi, S.P. Synnott, R.J. Terrile, P. Thomas, W.R. Thompson, J. Veverka, Science 233, 43 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Smith, L.A. Soderblom, D. Banfield, C. Barnet, A.T. Basilevsky, R.F. Beebe, K. Bollinger, J.M. Boyce, A. Brahic, G.A. Briggs, R.H. Brown, C. Chyba, s.A. Collins, T. Colvin, A.F. Cook, D. Crisp, S.K. Croft, D. Cruikshank, J.N. Cuzzi, G.E. Danielson, M.E. Davies, E. De Jong, L. Dones, D. Godfrey, J. Goguen, I. Grenier, V.R. Haemmerle, H. Hammel, c.J. Hansen, c.P. Helfenstein, C. Howell, G.E. Hunt, A.P. Ingersoll, T.V. Johnson, J. Kargel, R. Kirk, D.I. Kuehn, S. Limaye, H. Masursky, A. McEwen, D. Morrison, T. Owen, W. Owen, J.B. Pollack, c.c. Porco, K. Rages, P. Rogers, D. Rudy, C. Sagan, J. Schwartz, E.M. Shoemaker, M. Showalter, B. Sicardy, D. Simonelli, J. Spencer, L.A. Sromovsky, C. Stoker, R.G. Strom, V.E. Suomi, S.P. Synott, R.J. Terrile, P. Thomas, W.R. Thompson, A. Verbiscer, J. Veverka, Science 246, 1422 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.A. Soderblom, S.W. Kieffer, T.L. Becker, R.H. Brown, A.F. Cook, C.J. Hansen, T.V. Johnson, R.L. Kirk, E.M. Shoemaker, Science (1990). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4979.410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.M. Soderlund, S. Stanley, The underexplored frontier of ice giant dynamos. Philos. Trans. - Royal Soc., Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.M. Soderlund, M.H. Heimpel, E.M. King, J.M. Aurnou, Icarus 224, 97 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.B. Sparks, K.P. Hand, M.A. McGrath, E. Bergeron, M. Cracraft, S.E. Deustua, Astrophys. J. 829, 121 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.N. Spitale, in AAS/Division Dyn. Astron. Meet., vol. 48 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Stanley, J. Bloxham, Nature 428, 151 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Stanley, J. Bloxham, Icarus 184, 556 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Stone, E.D. Miner, Science (1989). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4936.1417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Stone, A.C. Cummings, M.D. Loooper, R.S. Selesnick, N. Lal, F.B. McDonald, J.H. Trainor, D.L. Chenette, Science 246, 1489 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z.-P. Sun, C.R. Stoker, G. Schubert, Icarus 91, 154 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Thomas, R. Tajeddine, M.S. Tiscareno, J.A. Burns, J. Joseph, T.J. Loredo, P. Helfenstein, C. Porco, Icarus 264, 37 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.B. Throop, C.C. Porco, R.A. West, J.A. Burns, M.R. Showalter, P.D. Nicholson, Icarus 172, 59 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Tiscareno, C.D. Murray, Planetary Ring Systems: Properties, Structure, and Evolution (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Tiscareno, M.M. Hedman, J.A. Burns, J. Castillo-Rogez, Astrophys. J. Lett. 765, L28 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.C. Tittemore, Icarus 87, 110 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.C. Tittemore, J. Wisdom, Icarus 85, 394 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Tóth, D. Kovács, K.C. Hansen, T.I. Gombosi, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 109 (2004)

  • K. Tsiganis, R. Gomes, A. Morbidelli, H.F. Levison, Nature 435, 459 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Turrini, F. Marzari, F. Tosi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 392, 455 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Turrini, R. Politi, R. Peron, D. Grassi, C. Plainaki, M. Barbieri, D.M. Lucchesi, G. Magni, F. Altieri, V. Cottini et al., Planet. Space Sci. 104, 93 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Turrini, A. Zinzi, J.A. Belinchon, Astron. Astrophys. 636, A53 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.P. Turtle, J.W. Barnes, M.G. Trainer, R.D. Lorenz, K.E. Hibbard, D.S. Adams, P. Bedini, W.B. Brinckerhoff, M.L. Cable, C. Ernst, C. Freissinet, K. Hand, A.G. Hayes, S.M. Horst, J.R. Johnson, E. Karkoschka, J.W. Langelaan, D.J. Lawrence, A. Le Gall, J.M. Lora, S.M. MacKenzie, C.P. McKay, C.D. Neish, C.E. Newman, J. Palacios, M.P. Panning, A.M. Parsons, P.N. Peplowski, J. Radebaugh, S.C.R. Rafkin, M.A. Ravine, S. Schmitz, J.M. Soderblom, K.S. Sotzen, A.M. Stickle, E.R. Stofan, T. Tokano, C. Wilson, R.A. Yingst, K. Zacny, in 49th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 2018). Abstract #1641

    Google Scholar 

  • V.M. Vasyliunas, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 7 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i007p00621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Vernazza, P. Beck, in Planetesimals Early Differ. Consequences Planets, ed. by L.T. Elkins-Tanton, B.P.E. Weiss (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017), pp. 269–297

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Vilas, S.M. Lederer, S.L. Gill, K.S. Jarvis, J.E. Thomas-Osip, Aqueous alteration affecting the irregular outer planets satellites: Evidence from spectral reflectance. Icarus 180, 453–463 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.-H. Voight, T.W. Hill, A.J. Dessler, Astrophys. J. 266, 390 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.-H. Voigt, K.W. Behannon, N.F. Ness, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92, 15337 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Waite, W.S. Lewis, B.A. Magee, J.I. Lunine, W.B. McKinnon, C.R. Glein, O. Mousis, D.T. Young, T. Brockwell, J. Westlake et al., Nature 460, 487 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Waite, C.R. Glein, R.S. Perryman, B.D. Teolis, B.A. Magee, G. Miller, J. Grimes, M.E. Perry, K.E. Miller, A. Bouquet et al., Science 356, 155 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Waite, R.S. Perryman, M.E. Perry, K.E. Miller, J. Bell, T.E. Cravens, C.R. Glein, J. Grimes, M. Hedman, J. Cuzzi et al., Science 362, eaat2382 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Wakeford, P. Dalba, The exoplanet perspective on Ice Giants exploration. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 378, 2187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Walsh, A. Morbidelli, S.N. Raymond, D.P. O’Brien, A.M. Mandell, Nature 475, 206 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Warwick, D.R. Evans, J.H. Romig, C.B. Sawyer, M.D. Desch, M.L. Kaiser, J.K. Alexander, T.D. Carr, D.H. Staelin, S. Gulkis et al., Science 233, 102 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Warwick, D.R. Evans, G.R. Peltzer, R.G. Peltzer, J.H. Romig, C.B. Sawyer, A.C. Riddle, A.E. Schweitzer, M.D. Desch, M.L. Kaiser et al., Science 246, 1498 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Way, A.D. Del Genio, N.Y. Kiang, L.E. Sohl, D.H. Grinspoon, I. Aleinov, M. Kelley, T. Clune, Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 8376 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. W. Wetherill, Stewart, Icarus 77, 330–357 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Ye, A study of Uranian magnetospheric convection. PhD thesis, Rice University (1989)

  • P. Zarka, Planet. Space Sci. 55(5), 598–617 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.045

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Zarka, B. Pedersen, A. Lecacheux, M.L. Kaiser, M.D. Desch, W.M. Farrell, W.S. Kurth, in Neptune and Triton, ed. by D.P. Cruikshank (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1995), pp. 341–388

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Zarka, M.S. Marques, C. Louis et al., in Radio Emission from Satellite–Jupiter Interactions (Especially Ganymede), ed. by G. Fischer, G. Mann, M. Panchenko, P. Zarka (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna, 2017), pp. 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1553/PRE8s45

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • P. Zarka, M.S. Marques, C. Louis, V.B. Ryabov, L. Lamy, E. Echer, B. Cecconi, Jupiter radio emission induced by Ganymede and consequences for the radio detection of exoplanets. Astron. Astrophys. 618, A84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833586

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhang, A.G. Hayes, M.A. Janssen, P.D. Nicholson, J.N. Cuzzi, I. de Pater, D.E. Dunn, Icarus 294, 14 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The French coauthors acknowledge support from CNES for Ice Giant Missions and CNRS/INSU programs of planetology and heliophysics. LL acknowledges the Hubble Space Telescope (Program GO/DD 14036) and the APIS service http://apis.obspm.fr, hosted by the Paris Astronomical Data Centre. KMS acknowledge support from NASA Grant NNX15AL56G.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRAP, CNRS-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France

    Michel Blanc, Nicolas André, Léa Griton & Corentin Louis

  2. LAM, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France

    Michel Blanc, Olivier Mousis, Alexis Bouquet, Magali Deleuil, Laurent Lamy & Pierre Vernazza

  3. JHU-APL, Laurel, MD, USA

    Kathleen Mandt, Kathleen L. Craft & Elizabeth Turtle

  4. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France

    Sébastien Charnoz

  5. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Ravit Helled

  6. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain

    Ricardo Hueso

  7. LESIA, CNRS-Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France

    Laurent Lamy

  8. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Jonathan Lunine

  9. Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Thomas Ronnet

  10. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Juergen Schmidt

  11. Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Krista Soderlund

  12. Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy

    Diego Turrini

  13. ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    Olivier Witasse

Authors
  1. Michel Blanc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kathleen Mandt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Olivier Mousis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nicolas André
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alexis Bouquet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sébastien Charnoz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kathleen L. Craft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Magali Deleuil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Léa Griton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Ravit Helled
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ricardo Hueso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Laurent Lamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Corentin Louis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jonathan Lunine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Thomas Ronnet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Juergen Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Krista Soderlund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Diego Turrini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Elizabeth Turtle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Pierre Vernazza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Olivier Witasse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

In Situ Exploration of the Ice Giants: Science and Technology

Edited by Olivier J. Mousis and David H. Atkinson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Blanc, M., Mandt, K., Mousis, O. et al. Science Goals and Mission Objectives for the Future Exploration of Ice Giants Systems: A Horizon 2061 Perspective. Space Sci Rev 217, 3 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00769-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00769-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation