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Spatial distribution and dissemination of education in Brazilian municipalities

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Abstract

This article aims to investigate the spatial effect of the quality of human capital and to identify if there is educational spillover from higher education in the proficiencies of elementary students. Although the role of geographical aspects has been studied in several academic areas, in the literature on the economics of education such studies are incipient and the few existing contributions use the stock of education as the object of analysis. The present study differs by using proficiency as a proxy for quality and also by examining the spillover effect of the presence and quality of university courses in the area of education. The results indicate a strong spatial dependence, suggesting the spatial dimension influences school performance. On the other hand, higher education institutions influence school performance in the municipality of origin, but not that of neighboring municipalities.

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Notes

  1. The data available from the ENADE for the degree courses in Language and Literature, Mathematics and Education refer to the years of 2005, 2008 and 2011. Due to the lack of municipal code information in the year 2005, the data referring to 2008 were used.

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Funding

We thank the funding provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development -CNPq – 306707/2017-9.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economics at PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Laura Desirée Vernier Fujita, Izete Pengo Bagolin & Adelar Fochezatto

Authors
  1. Laura Desirée Vernier Fujita
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  2. Izete Pengo Bagolin
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  3. Adelar Fochezatto
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Correspondence to Laura Desirée Vernier Fujita.

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Appendices

Appendix 1—responses regarding parent schooling

Response

Specification

A

Never studied

B

Did not complete the 4th grade (formerly primary)

C

Completed 4th grade, but did not complete 8th grade (formerly gymnasium)

D

Completed 8th grade, but did not complete High School (formerly 2nd grade)

E

Completed high school, but did not complete college.

F

Completed the College

G

Do not know

  1. Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the SAEB

Appendix 2—percentage of mothers and fathers by level of schooling in 2013

 

Mother (%)

Father (%)

Never studied

3.04

5.6

Never completed 4th grade

16.93

18.62

Completed 4th grade, but never completed 8th grade

22.06

20.17

Completed 8th grade, but never completed High School

17.13

19.29

Completed High School, but never completed a University degree

29.97

27.11

Completed University

10.88

9.2

  1. Source: Elaborated by the authors

Appendix 3—questions about Parental Stimulus

Question

Answer

How often do your parents attend the parents meetings?

Always/almost always

Do your parents encourage you to study?

Yes

Do your parents encourage you to do homework and assignments?

Yes

Do your parents encourage you to read?

Yes

Do your parents encourage you to attend school and not miss classes?

Yes

  1. Source: Elaborated by the authors (SAEB, 2013)

Appendix 4—results of the variation of weight matrices

Matrix

Moran’s I coefficient (eduS)

Queen (first order)

0.655

Rook (first order)

0.656

K (1 neighbor)

0.692

K (2 neighbors)

0.688

K (3 neighbors)

0.675

K (4 neighbors)

0.668

K (5 neighbors)

0.660

d (50 km)

0.634

d (100 km)

0.598

d (200 km)

0.543

d (300 km)

0.512

d (370 km)*

0.495

  1. Source: Elaborated by the authors
  2. K = matrices of closest K neighbors (inverse-distance); d = distance matrices (inverse-distance); all the matrices are row-standardized; (*) 370 km is the minimum distance to ensure no municipality is isolated

Appendix 5—results of the OLS models

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Const

216.537***

173.263***

202.976***

181.549***

eduH

0.392*

0.804***

1.684***

1.770***

Col

44.893***

40.357***

47.082***

42.977***

Sex

5.915*

9.650***

13.598***

14.133***

SchMth

15.315***

7.436***

  

SchFth

13.011***

26.144***

  

PostGrad

1.449

 

0.415

 

TchEff

 

66.524***

 

71.455***

Stimulus

  

40.329***

− 12.827***

R2

0.280

0.400

0.295

0.368

N

5507

5507

5507

5507

  1. Source: Elaborated by the authors

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Fujita, L.D.V., Bagolin, I.P. & Fochezatto, A. Spatial distribution and dissemination of education in Brazilian municipalities. Ann Reg Sci 66, 255–277 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-020-01020-3

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