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Structuring First-Year Retention at a Regional Public Institution: Validating and Refining the Structure of Bowman’s SEM Analysis

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A Correction to this article was published on 29 November 2020

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Abstract

Structural equation modeling (SEM) considering how students’ non-cognitive attributes influence first-year college student persistence remain extraordinarily rare—as are studies that test and expand upon published structural models or studies that include college student food security. This study addresses each. We surveyed “Beginner” Freshmen, capturing eight non-cognitive measurements and ussing institutional data on performance and fall-to-fall persistence measures, we then tested the structure of Bowman et al.’s (Res High Educ 60:135–152, 2019) SEM model. In Model 1, we mimic the Bowman model’s financial variable by only including financial stress. We confirm that Bowman is a good structural model of student persistence, although our data were collected for another purpose, using different scales for non-cognitive elements and even one different non-cognitive measurement. We found students’ non-cognitive attributes remain importantly influential to social adjustment (r = .65), commitment to persist (r = .40), college GPA (r = .25), and fall-to-fall persistence (r = .30). In Model 2, we generated a latent financial security variable incorporating financial stress and food security. Including food security generated a direct influence from the financial security variable to high-school GPA (r = .25), not found in the Bowman model or Model 1, and a direct significant relationship from financial security to social adjustment (r = .11)—not found in Model 1. Further changes are observed in the indirect relationship from financial security to college GPA from Model 1 (r = .29) to Model 2 (r = .51). We highlight the robustness of the Bowman model and that the inclusion of food security brings increased strength to several relationships without sacrificing optimal fit.

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Change history

  • 29 November 2020

    The author would like to correct the errors in the publication of the original article. The corrected details are given below.

Notes

  1. We have IRB approval to identify the institution.

  2. We chose this term over other possibilities (including "financial stability," which seemed to conflate the issue of month-to-month income stability; or "financial comfort", which entailed implications of luxuries). As research incorporating multiple facets of students' financial situations is still nascent; we want to explicitly say that we remain open to alternative terminology in future work.

  3. We also accessed an Excel sheet provided by Bryant and Satorra (2013) that allowed us to manually include the Chi-square statistics and calculate the DIFFtest. The findings were p = 0.060 and are aligned with the SBDIFF.EXE program in suggesting that the models are not statistically significantly different.

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Funding

Funding was provided by U.S. Department of Education (Grant No. P116F140353).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

    Daniel A. Collier & Andrea Beach

  2. LSA Opportunity Hub, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Dan Fitzpatrick

  3. Center for Research on Instructional Change in Postsecondary Education (CRICPE), Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

    Chelsea Brehm

  4. School of Communication, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

    Keith Hearit

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  1. Daniel A. Collier
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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 4.

Table 4 Robust estimated DWLS (WLSMV) SEM models
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Collier, D.A., Fitzpatrick, D., Brehm, C. et al. Structuring First-Year Retention at a Regional Public Institution: Validating and Refining the Structure of Bowman’s SEM Analysis. Res High Educ 61, 917–942 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-020-09612-w

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