Abstract
Stanley and Williamson (J Philos 98(8):411–444, 2001) (hereafter S&W) argue for intellectualism—the thesis that knowing how is a type of knowing that—in part by defending a thesis about the semantics of English ascriptions of knowing how. But ascriptions of practical knowledge seem to exhibit significant crosslinguistic variation. This observation has been invoked to argue that S&W’s analysis reflects a quirk of English rather than a general feature of the concept of knowledge. I argue that the type of argument employed by both S&W and their critics presupposes that the categories of denotational semantics correspond to those of the theory of mental content. But the relation between the semantic theory and the theory of content is more complex than this. Specifically, a closer look at ascriptions of practical knowledge and other obligatory control constructions in various languages shows (i) that semantic theory needs distinctions that are redundant from the perspective of the theory of content, and (ii) that important distinctions in the theory of content may fail to correspond to any distinctions in semantic theory. It follows that we may not be able to read off as much about mental states as S&W and their critics try to from the structure of their ascriptions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott, B. (2013). Linguistic solutions to philosophical problems: The case of knowing how. Philosophical Perspectives, 27(1), 1–21.
Bengson, J., & Moffett, M. (2011). Two conceptions of mind and action: Knowledge how and the philosophical theory of intelligence. In J. Bengson & M. Moffett (Eds.), Knowing how: Essays on knowledge, mind, and action (pp. 3–57). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, J. (2013). Knowing-how: Linguistics and cognitive science. Analysis, 73(2), 220–227.
Cath, Y. (2015). Knowing how and ‘knowing how’. In C. Daly (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of philosophical methods (pp. 527–552). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Chierchia, G. (1984). Topics in the syntax and semantics of infinitives and gerunds. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
Chierchia, G. (1989). Anaphora and attitudes. In R. Bartsch, J. F. A. K. van Benthem, & P. van Emde Boas (Eds.), Semantics and contextual expression (pp. 1–31). New York: Foris Publications.
Chomsky, N., & Lasnik, H. (1993). The theory of principles and parameters. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Devitt, M. (2011). Methodology and the nature of knowing how. Journal of Philosophy, 108, 205–18.
Ginet, C. (1975). Knowledge, perception, and memory. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Gívon, T. (1980). The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language, 4(3), 333–377.
Glick, E. (2011). Two methodologies for evaluating intellectualism. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 83(2), 398–434.
Grano, T. (2015). Control and restructuring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Higginbotham, J. (1992). Reference and control. In J. Higginbotham, R. K. Larson, S. Iatridou, & U. Lahiri (Eds.), Control and grammar. Studies in linguistics and philosophy (Vol. 48, pp. 79–108). Berlin: Springer.
Hornstein, N. (1999). Movement and control. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(1), 69–96.
Johnson, K. (2006). Externalist thoughts and the scope of linguistics. Protosociology: An International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 22, 23.
Landau, I. (2000). Elements of control: Structure and meaning in infinitival constructions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Landau, I. (2004). The scale of finiteness and the calculus of control. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 22(4), 811–877.
Landau, I. (2015). A two tiered theory of control. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Noe, A. (2005). Against intellectualism. Analysis, 65, 278–90.
Pavese, C. (2016). Skill in epistemology II: Skill and know how. Philosophy Compass, 11(11), 650–660.
Pearson, H. (2012). The sense of self: Topics in the semantics of De Se expressions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
Reuland, E. (2011). Anaphora and language design. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Rumfitt, I. (2003). Savoir faire. Journal of Philosophy, 100(3), 158–166.
Schroeder, M. (2011). Ought, agents, and actions. Philosophical Review, 120(1), 1–41.
Stanley, J., & Williamson, T. (2001). Knowing how. Journal of Philosophy, 98(8), 411–444.
Stanley, J. (2011a). Knowing (How). Noûs, 45(2), 207–238.
Stanley, J. (2011b). Know how. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wiggins, D. (2012). Practical knowledge: Knowing how to and knowing that. Mind, 121(481), 97–130.
Wurmbrand, S. (2001). Infinitives: Restructuring and clause structure. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Wurmbrand, S. (2002). Syntactic vs. semantic control. In J.-W. Zwart & W. Abraham (Eds.), Studies in comparative Germanic syntax (pp. 95–129). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Wurmbrand, S. (2014). Restructuring across the world. In L. Veselovská & M. Janebovà (Eds.), Complex visibles out there. Proceedings of the Olomouc linguistics colloquium 2014: Language use and linguistic structure (pp. 275–294). Olomouc: Palacký University.
Wurmbrand, S. (2017). Universals and variation in clausal complementation. Talk given at the workshop “Linguistic Knowledge and Patterns of Variation”. Amsterdam: Meertens Institute.
Von Fintel, K., & Matthewson, L. (2008). Universals in semantics. The Linguistic Review, 25(1–2), 139–201.
Yalcin, S. (2014). Semantics and metasemantics in the context of generative grammar. In A. Burgess & B. Sherman (Eds.), Metasemantics new essays on the foundations of meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
I would like to thank two anonymous referees for Linguistics and Philosophy, the audiences at the Nova Scotia Meaning Workshop, the University of Maryland, College Park and the University of Florida for their suggestions and comments.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jankovic, M. Ascribing practical knowledge. Linguist and Philos 43, 247–275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09267-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09267-6