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Validity and Enforceability of Customary Law in Nigeria: Towards a Correct Delimitation of the Province of the Courts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2019

Amos O Enabulele*
Affiliation:
University of Benin
Bright Bazuaye*
Affiliation:
University of Benin

Abstract

With a view to showing that courts do not have the power to validate native law and custom, this article highlights the different roles assigned to the assent of the people governed by native law and custom, and to the court called upon to determine its judicial enforceability. It argues that customary law is validated by the assent of the people and not by courts, and that the tests contained in different statutes by which courts are permitted to intervene in the regime of customary law are tests of enforceability and not tests of validity. As a result, it argues that the term “validity test” is misleading when used in relation to the power of courts to determine the enforceability of native law and custom, and should therefore be discarded.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS, University of London 2019 

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Footnotes

*

LLB, LLM, PhD (Brunel University, London), BL. Barrister and solicitor; associate professor, Faculty of Law, University of Benin.

**

LLB, LLM, PhD (University of Benin, Nigeria), BL. Barrister and solicitor; associate professor, head of department (jurisprudence and international law), Faculty of Law, University of Benin.

References

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11 Customary Courts Law, cap 32, Laws of Eastern Nigeria, 1963, now applicable in the states that succeeded to the region. Oba noted that sec 2 of the Customary Courts Law, cap 49, Revised Laws of Anambra State of Nigeria, 1979 is a reincarnation of this provision: Oba, AAThe administration of customary law in a post-colonial Nigerian state” (2006) 37 Cambrian Law Review 95 at 95Google Scholar.

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40 Park The Sources of Nigerian Law, above at note 25 at 83.

41 1955–56 WRNLR 133.

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73 Park The Sources of Nigerian Law, above at note 25 at 68. See also Aigbovo Introduction to the Nigerian Legal System, above at note 27 at 52, stating that “the practise in question must not only be custom, but it must be law, in the sense that it must be obligatory”. Emiola The Principles of African Customary Law, above at note 14 at 7. K Eso Further Thoughts on Law and Jurisprudence (2003, Spectrum Books) at 359. Malemi The Nigerian Legal System, above at note 14 at 64.

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77 Cap E14 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria.

78 Cap 60 Laws of Lagos State, 1994.

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96 Okonkwo v Okagbue (1994) 9 NWLR (pt 368) 301 at 345, holding that “[f]or custom to have the force of law, it must be approved by the consent of those who follow it”.

97 (1944) 11 EACA 34.

98 Id at 47.

99 Kiye “The repugnancy and incompatibility tests”, above at note 15 at 89.

100 [1991] 7 NWLR (pt 204) 391 at 417.

101 (1961) NRNLR 81. This case has been criticized on other grounds. See Obilade The Nigerian Legal System, above at note 16 at 103, noting that “a custom which is invalid for any purpose is invalid for all purposes”. Compare with Aigbovo Introduction to the Nigerian Legal System, above at note 27 at 59–60, noting that “it is generally agreed that this approach [of evaluating the result of the application of a rule of custom] is commendable”, but adding that the “repugnancy test is an absolute one. When it is applied to a particular rule, the rule must either be wholly rejected …”.

102 Mariyama, id at 83.

103 Ibid.

104 (1946) 18 NLR 70.

105 Park The Sources of Nigerian Law, above at note 25 at 73.

106 (1946) 6 Ny LR 6.

107 (1982) 3 NCLR 1.

108 Id at 21.

109 Adaramola Basic Jurisprudence, above at note 89.

110 (1992) 5 SCNJ 25. See also Olabanji v Omokewu (1992) 7 SCNJ 266 at 281.

111 Romaine, id at 44–45.

112 Above at note 18 at 44.

113 (2001) 11 NWLR (pt 724) 318 at 337.

114 Woodman, GRHow state courts create customary law in Ghana and Nigeria” in Morse, BW and Woodman, GR (eds) Indigenous Law and the State (1988, Foris Publications) 181Google Scholar, cited in Kiye “The repugnancy and incompatibility tests”, above note 15 at 96–97.

115 Ibid.

116 Above at note 5 at 100.

117 Id at 101.

118 Allott “The judicial ascertainment”, above at note 50 at 258.

119 Woodman “Some realism”, above at note 70 at 134.

120 (2014) 11 NWLR (pt 1418) 384.