Abstract
In this study we evaluate the dynamic response of different macroeconomic variables to shocks in agents’ perception of three dimensions of uncertainty (economic, inflation and employment). First, we apply a geometric indicator to compute the proportion of disagreement in business and consumer expectations of eight European countries and the Euro Area. Next, we use a bivariate vector autoregressive framework to estimate the impulse response functions to innovations in disagreement. While we find an adverse reaction in unemployment rates to shocks in discrepancy, results differ markedly between disagreement in business and in consumer surveys with regard to economic growth and inflation: shocks to manufacturing production discrepancy lead to a decrease in economic activity, as opposed to shocks to consumer economic discrepancy; and the opposite in the case of a shock in the perception of price uncertainty. Finally, we perform a forecasting exercise to assess the predictive performance of the disagreement indicators for different time horizons, obtaining more accurate out-of-sample recursive forecasts of economic growth with the indicators of discrepancy of manufacturing firms and, of unemployment with the indicators of consumer discrepancy. When compared to recursive autoregressive predictions used as a benchmark, we find that vector autoregressions with industry discrepancy tend to outperform the benchmark in more cases that models with indicators of consumer discrepancy.
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Acknowledgements
We want to thank the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions. This research was supported by the project ECO2016-75805-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
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Appendix
Appendix
Table 7 contains the results of the Granger causality tests in order to evaluate whether the inclusion of past values of disagreement measures improves predictions of the reference series based only on their own past values.
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Claveria, O. Uncertainty indicators based on expectations of business and consumer surveys. Empirica 48, 483–505 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09479-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09479-1