Abstract
Any effort to integrate problem-posing instruction in school mathematics must attend to teachers’ beliefs about the advantages of teaching through problem posing and especially their beliefs about the challenges of teaching in this way. This study investigated teachers who were learning how to teach mathematics through problem posing. The primary foci were the teachers’ beliefs about teaching through problem posing and their problem-posing performance. The findings demonstrate that the participating teachers were able to engage successfully in problem-posing tasks and that they held a number of different beliefs about the advantages and challenges of teaching through problem posing. After participating in three workshops, a sample of teachers showed gains in problem-posing performance and in the scope and specificity of their beliefs about teaching through problem posing.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The six steps in a typical solution to this problem are: (1) calculate Shasha’s driving distance, (2) calculate Jiajia’s driving distance, (3) calculate Xiaobing and Shasha’s driving distance, (4) calculate the total driving distance, (5) calculate the difference between the distance driving by Xiaobing and Jiajia, and (6) calculate the ratio.
References
Rogoff, B., & Chavajay, P. (1995). Informal teaching and learning: A study of everyday cognition in a Greek community. The American Journal of Psychology, 107(1), 147.
Bonotto, C., & Baroni, M. (2008). Using maths in a daily context: Experiences in Italian compulsory education. Planting Mathematics. First annual publication of the Comenius-Network Developing Quality in Mathematics Education II–DQME II, 19-47.
Bonotto, C. (2013). Artifacts as sources for problem-posing activities. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 83, 37–55.
Bray, W. (2011). A collective case study of the influence of teachers’ beliefs and knowledge on error-handling practices during class discussion of mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 42, 2–38.
Cai, J. (2004). Why do U.S. and Chinese students think differently in mathematical problem solving? Exploring the impact of early algebra learning and teachers’ beliefs. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 23, 135–167.
Cai, J. (2005). U.S. and Chinese teachers’ knowing, evaluating, and constructing representations in mathematics instruction. Mathematical Thinking and Learning: An International Journal, 7, 135–169.
Cai, J. (Ed.). (2017). Compendium for research in mathematics education. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Cai, J., Chen, T., Li, X., Xu, R., Zhang, S., Hu, Y., … Song, N. (2019). Exploring the impact of a problem-posing workshop on elementary school mathematics teachers’ problem posing and lesson design. International Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.02.004
Cai, J., & Hwang, S. (2002). Generalized and generative thinking in U.S. and Chinese students’ mathematical problem solving and problem posing. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 21, 401–421.
Cai, J., & Hwang, S. (2019). Learning to teach through mathematical problem posing: Theoretical considerations, methodology, and directions for future research. International Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.01.001
Cai, J., Hwang, S., Jiang, C., & Silber, S. (2015). Problem posing research in mathematics: Some answered and unanswered questions. In F. M. Singer, N. Ellerton, & J. Cai (Eds.), Mathematical problem posing: From research to effective practice (pp. 3–34). New York, NY: Springer.
Cai, J., & Jiang, C. (2017). An analysis of problem-posing tasks in Chinese and U.S. elementary mathematics textbooks. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(8), 1521–1540.
Cai, J., Morris, A., Hohensee, C., Hwang, S., Robison, V., & Hiebert, J. (2017). Making classroom implementation an integral part of research. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 48, 342–347.
Cai, J., Morris, A., Hohensee, C., Hwang, S., Robison, V., & Hiebert, J. (2018). Reconceptualizing the roles of researchers and teachers to bring research closer to teaching. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 49, 514–520.
Cai, J., Moyer, J. C., Wang, N., Hwang, S., Nie, B., & Garber, T. (2013). Mathematical problem posing as a measure of curricular effect on students’ learning. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 83, 57–69.
Cai, J., & Wang, T. (2010). Conceptions of effective mathematics teaching within a cultural context: Perspectives of teachers from China and the United States. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 13, 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-009-9132-1.
Charalambous, C. Y., & Philippou, G. N. (2010). Teachers’ concerns and efficacy beliefs about implementing a mathematics curriculum reform: Integrating two lines of inquiry. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 75, 1–21.
Chen, T., & Cai, J. (2019). An elementary mathematics teacher learning to teach using problem posing: A case of the distributive property of multiplication over addition. International Journal of Educational Research, 101420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.03.004
Chen, L., Van Dooren, W., & Verschaffel, L. (2015). Enhancing the development of Chinese fifth-graders’ problem-posing and problem-solving abilities, beliefs, and attitudes: A design experiment. In F. M. Singer, N. Ellerton, & J. Cai (Eds.), Mathematical problem posing: From research to effective practice (pp. 309–329). New York, NY: Springer.
Chinese Ministry of Education. (2012). Mathematics curriculum standard of compulsory education (2011 version). Beijing, China: Beijing Normal University Press.
Chinese Ministry of Education. (2018). Mathematics curriculum standard of high school (2017 version). Beijing, China: People’s Education Press.
Coburn, C. E., & Penuel, W. R. (2016). Research-practice partnerships in education: Outcomes, dynamics, and open questions. Educational Researcher, 45(1), 48–54.
Crespo, S. (2003). Learning to pose mathematical problems: Exploring changes in preservice teachers’ practices. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 52, 243–270.
Crespo, S., & Sinclair, N. (2008). What makes a problem mathematically interesting? Inviting prospective teachers to pose better problems. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 11, 395–415.
Einstein, A., & Infeld, L. (1938). The evolution of physics. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
English, L. D. (1997). The development of fifth-grade children’s problem-posing abilities. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 34, 183–217.
English, L. D. (1998). Children’s problem posing within formal and informal contexts. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 29(1), 83–106.
Ghaith, G., & Yaghi, H. (1997). Relationships among experience, teacher efficacy, and attitudes towards the implementation of instructional innovation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 13, 451–458.
Goldin, G. A., & McClintock, C. E. (Eds.). (1979). Task variables in mathematical problem solving. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education.
Hadamard, J. W. (1945). Essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Handal, B., & Herrington, A. (2003). Mathematics teachers’ beliefs and curriculum reform. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 15, 59–69.
Hošpesová, A., & Tichá, M. (2015). Problem posing in primary school teacher training. In F. M. Singer, N. Ellerton, & J. Cai (Eds.), Mathematical problem posing: From research to effective practice (pp. 433–447). New York, NY: Springer.
Kotsopoulos, D., & Cordy, M. (2009). Investigating imagination as a cognitive space for learning mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 70, 259–274.
Lavy, I., & Bershadsky, I. (2003). Problem posing via “what if not?” strategy in solid geometry—A case study. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 22(4), 369–387.
Leung, S. S. (2013). Teachers implementing mathematical problem posing in the classroom: Challenges and strategies. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 83(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-012-9436-4
Lloyd, G. (2002). Mathematics teachers’ beliefs and experiences with innovative curriculum materials. In G. C. Leder, E. Pehkonen, & G. Törner (Eds.), Beliefs: A hidden variable in mathematics education? Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (1989). Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston: Author.
Olson, J. C., & Knott, L. (2013). When a problem is more than a teacher’s question. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 83, 27–36.
Osana, H. P., & Royea, D. A. (2011). Obstacles and challenges in preservice teachers’ explorations with fractions: A view from a small-scale intervention study. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 30(4), 333–352.
Peterson, P. L., Fennema, E., Carpenter, T. P., & Loef, M. (1989). Teachers’ pedagogical content beliefs in mathematics. Cognition and Instruction, 6(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532690xci0601_1
Philipp, R. A. (2007). Mathematics teachers’ beliefs and affect. In F. K. Lester (Ed.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 257–315). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
Richardson, V. (1996). The role of attitudes and beliefs in learning to teach. In J. Sikula (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education (2nd ed., pp. 102–119). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Rudnitsky, A., Etheredge, S., Freeman, S. J., & Gilbert, T. (1995). Learning to solve addition and subtraction word problems through a structure-plus-writing approach. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 26, 467–486.
Skott, J. (2009). Contextualising the notion of ‘belief enactment’. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12, 27–46.
Silver, E. A. (1994). On mathematical problem posing. For the Learning of Mathematics, 14(1), 19–28.
Silver, E. A., & Cai, J. (1996). An analysis of arithmetic problem posing by middle school students. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27(5), 521–539.
Silver, E. A., Mamona-Downs, J., Leung, S. S., & Kenney, P. A. (1996). Posing mathematical problems: An exploratory study. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27(3), 293–309.
Silver, E. A. (1997). Fostering creativity through instruction rich in mathematical problem solving and problem posing. Zentralbatt für Didaktik der Mathematik (ZDM), 97(3), 75–80.
Silver, E. A., & Cai, J. (2005). Assessing students’ mathematical problem posing. Teaching Children Mathematics, 12(3), 129–135.
Singer, F. M., Ellerton, N., & Cai, J. (Eds.). (2015). Mathematical problem posing: From research to effective practice. New York, NY: Springer.
Stickles, P. (2011). An analysis of secondary and middle school teachers’ mathematical problem posing. Investigations in Mathematics Learning, 3(2), 1–34.
Stipek, D. J., Givvin, K. B., Salmon, J. M., & MacGyvers, V. L. (2001). Teachers’ beliefs and practices related to mathematics instruction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 213–226.
Thompson, A. G. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and conceptions: A synthesis of the research. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 127–146). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Vacc, N. N. (1993). Implementing the professional standards for teaching mathematics: Teaching and learning mathematics through classroom discussion. Arithmetic Teacher, 41(4), 225–227.
van den Berg, R., Sleegers, P., Geijsel, F., & Vandenberghe, R. (2000). Implementation of an innovation: Meeting the concerns of teachers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 26, 331–350.
Verschaffel, L., De Corte, E., Lowyck, J., Dhert, S., & Vandeput, L. (2000). Supporting mathematical problem solving and posing in upper elementary school children by means of knowledge forum. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Networks in Primary and Secondary Education: Deliverable of project, (2017).
Wilkins, J. L. M. (2008). The relationship among elementary teachers’ content knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 11, 139–164.
Winograd, K. (1997). Ways of sharing student-authored story problems. Teaching Children Mathematics, 4(1), 40–47.
Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. L. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement. Issues & answers. REL, (033), 1–62.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, X., Song, N., Hwang, S. et al. Learning to teach mathematics through problem posing: teachers’ beliefs and performance on problem posing. Educ Stud Math 105, 325–347 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-020-09981-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-020-09981-0