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Evaluation of Economically Viable and Environmental Friendly Weed Control Methods for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Evaluierung von wirtschaftlich tragfähigen und umweltfreundlichen Unkrautbekämpfungsmethoden für Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Abstract

During the past few decades, extensive use of herbicides has created ecological and environmental problems such as dominance of minor weeds due to their resistance to herbicides, and human health hazards. Recognising these problems, an experiment was conducted in two consecutive wheat seasons during 2012–2014 in Central Bangladesh to evaluate five weed control methods: (i) control (weedy check), (ii) one hand weeding (one HW) at 25 days after sowing (DAS), (iii) one mechanical weeding by using a BARI dry land weeder (BARI weeder) at 25 DAS, (iv) Mechanical weeding by using a power tiller operated weeder (PTOW) at 25 DAS, and (v) chemical weed control (herbicide) by using carfentrazone + isoproturon (affinity at the rate of 5.75 g a.i. ha−1). Results revealed that one HW at 25 DAS resulted in lowest weed density (numbers m−2) and weed dry biomass (g m−2), but highest weed control efficiency (WCE %), followed by the application of herbicide, using either PTOW or BARI weeder at 25 DAS. Consequently, one HW at 25 DAS produced the highest grain yield of wheat followed by PTOW, herbicide, and BARI weeder, while the weedy check treatment produced the lowest yield. Grain yield increased over weedy check by 28, 24, 18, and 15% in one HW, PTOW, herbicide and BARI weeder, respectively. The weed control treatment PTOW also resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and marginal benefit-cost ratio (MBCR) (1.5 and 10.4, respectively) followed by the herbicide, hand weeding, and BARI weeder treatments. Considering the negative effect of herbicides on the environment and the labour crisis during the peak period of weed control for manual weeding wheat farmers can use PTOW which would also reduce the weeding costs as well as increase yield and net return. However, manual weeding would still remain an option for the resource-poor farmers with abundant family labour.

Zusammenfassung

Während der letzten Jahrzehnte hat der extensive Einsatz von Herbiziden zu ökologischen und Umweltproblemen geführt, z. B. zur Dominanz kleinerer Unkräuter aufgrund ihrer Resistenz gegen Herbizide, sowie zur Gefährdung der menschlichen Gesundheit. Um diese Probleme anzugehen, wurde in Zentral-Bangladesch in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Weizensaisons im Zeitraum 2012–2014 ein Experiment zur Beurteilung von fünf Methoden zur Unkrautbekämpfung durchgeführt: (i) Kontrolle (keine Behandlung), (ii) manuelles Unkrautjäten (hand weeding, HW) 25 Tage nach der Aussaat (days after sowing, DAS), (iii) mechanische Unkrautbekämpfung (BARI-Unkrautvernichter) 25 DAS, (iv) mechanische Unkrautbekämpfung mit einem mit einer Motorhacke betriebenen Unkrautvernichter (power tiller operated weeder, PTOW) 25 DAS und (v) chemische Unkrautbekämpfung (Herbizid) mit Carfentrazon + Isoproturon (Affinität mit einer Rate von 5.75 g a.i. ha−1). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass HW zur geringsten Unkrautdichte und Unkrauttrockenmasse führte, und die höchste Unkrautbekämpfungseffizienz (WCE %) zur Folge hatte; gefolgt von der Anwendung des Herbizids, PTOW- und BARI-Unkrautvernichtung. Folglich ergab HW den höchsten Kornertrag, gefolgt von PTOW, Herbizid und BARI, während die Kontrolle den niedrigsten Ertrag erbrachte. Der Kornertrag stieg gegenüber der Kontrolle bei HW, PTOW, Herbizid und BARI um 28, 24, 18 bzw. 15 %. Die PTOW-Methode führte ebenfalls zu dem höchsten Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis (BCR) und Grenznutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis (MBCR) (1,5 bzw. 10,4), gefolgt von der Herbizid‑, HW- und BARI-Behandlung. In Anbetracht der negativen Auswirkungen der Herbizide auf die Umwelt und der Knappheit der Arbeitskräfte während der Hauptzeit der Unkrautbekämpfung können die Weizenbauern bei der manuellen Unkrautbekämpfung PTOW einsetzen, was ebenfalls die Unkrautbekämpfungskosten senken sowie den Ertrag und den Nettogewinn erhöhen würde. Die manuelle Unkrautbekämpfung bleibt jedoch weiterhin eine Option für ressourcenarme Landwirte mit ausreichend familiären Arbeitskräften.

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Funding

The study was based on the core-funded research program of the Regional Wheat Research Centre and Farm Power and Machinery Division of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur-Bangladesh.

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Correspondence to Akbar Hossain.

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M.A.H.S. Jahan, A. Hossain, M.A. Hoque, K.K. Saha, K.K. Sarker, S. Ahmed and J. Timsina declare that they have no competing interests.

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10343_2020_539_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary Table 1S and IS, included the data on weed control efficiency as influenced by the different weed control methoy and yield contributing characters as influenced by different weed control methods

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Jahan, M.A.H.S., Hossain, A., Hoque, M.A. et al. Evaluation of Economically Viable and Environmental Friendly Weed Control Methods for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gesunde Pflanzen 73, 209–218 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-020-00539-x

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