Abstract
A cyber physical power system model based on the weighted tensor product is proposed in this paper to describe the interlayer and intralayer relationships of entities in both systems. The different functional attributes of nodes and the directivity of the energy flow in the system are respectively described as the heterogeneity of nodes and the directionality of edges. During failure propagation, the dynamic topology method is applied to convert the protection strategies and load redistribution measures into system connectivity rebuilding. The simulation results of fault propagation in the cyber physical power system under different initial failure ratios show that, compared with the undirected model, the directional interactions in the proposed approach can significantly improve the system survival rate during cascading failure. In addition, the physical system shows a lower vulnerability due to the protection provided by spare edges and power sources.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yu X, Xue Y (2016) Smart grids: a cyber–physical systems perspective. Proc IEEE 104(5):1058–1070
Bo Z, Shaojie O, Jianhua Z, Hui S, Geng W, Ming Z (2015) An analysis of previous blackouts in the world lessons for China power industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:1151–1163
Liang G, Weller SR, Zhao J, Luo F, Dong ZY (2016) The 2015 Ukraine blackout implications for false data injection attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 32(4):3317–3318
Buldyrev SV, Parshani R, Paul G, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2010) Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464(7291):1025–1028
Martins L, Silva R, Jorge L, Gomes A, Musumeci F, Rak J (2017) Interdependence between power grids and communication networks: a resilience perspective. In: DRCN-design of reliable communication networks international conference, VDE, 2017, pp 123–128
Sturaro A, Silvestri S, Conti M, Das SK (2018) A realistic model for failure propagation in interdependent cyber-physical systems. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 1(1):1–14
Behfarnia A, Eslami A (2017) Error correction coding meets cyber-physical systems: message-passing analysis of self-healing interdependent networks. IEEE Trans Commun 65(7):2753–2768
Shao J, Buldyrev SV, Havlin S, Stanley HE (2011) Cascade of failures in coupled network systems with multiple support-dependence relations. Phys Rev E 83(3):036116
Huang Z, Wang C, Ruj S, Stojmenovic M, Nayak A (2013) Modeling cascading failures in smart power grid using interdependent complex networks and percolation theory. In: Proceedings of the 8th IEEE conference on industrial electronics and applications (ICIEA), IEEE, 2013, pp 1023–1028
Huang Z, Wang C, Stojmenovic M, Nayak A (2013) Balancing system survivability and cost of smart grid via modeling cascading failures. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput 1(1):45–56
Parandehgheibi M, Modiano E (2013) Robustness of interdependent networks: the case of communication networks and the power grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM), 2013. IEEE, 2013, pp 2164–2169
Liu R, Vellaithurai C, Biswas SS, Gamage TT, Srivastava AK (2015) Analyzing the cyber-physical impact of cyber events on the power grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(5):2444–2453
Li Z, Shahidehpour M, Alabdulwahab A, Abusorrah A (2015) Bilevel model for analyzing coordinated cyber-physical attacks on power systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(5):2260–2272
Ye H, Li T, Liu Y (2019) Time integration-based IGD methods for eigen-analysis of large delayed cyber-physical power system. In: IEEE transactions on power systems, 2019
Zhang Z, An W, Shao F (2016) Cascading failures on reliability in cyberphysical system. IEEE Trans Reliab 65(4):1745–1754
Peng H, Kan Z, Zhao D, Han J, Hu Z (2019) Security assessment for cascading failures of cyber-physical systems under target attack strategy. In: Proceedings of the international conference on security and privacy in new computing environments. Springer, 2019, pp 114–124
Liu Y, Lu D, Deng L, Bai T, Hou K, Zeng Y (2017) Risk assessment for the cascading failure of electric cyber-physical system considering multiple information factors. IET Cyber Phys Syst Theory Appl 2(4):155–160
Parandehgheibi M (2016) Modeling and mitigating cascading failures in interdependent power grids and communication networks. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016
Arghandeh R, Von Meier A, Mehrmanesh L, Mili L (2016) On the definition of cyber-physical resilience in power systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1060–1069
Parandehgheibi M, Turitsyn K, Modiano E (2015) Modeling the impact of communication loss on the power grid under emergency control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on smart grid communications (SmartGridComm), IEEE, 2015, pp 356–361
Tian D-A, Sansavini G (2016) Impact of degraded communication on interdependent power systems: the application of grid splitting. Electronics 5(3):49
Cai Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Li W, Zeng X (2017) Modeling and impact analysis of interdependent characteristics on cascading failures in smart grids. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 89:106–114
Yuan X, Hu Y, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2017) Eradicating catastrophic collapse in interdependent networks via reinforced nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(13):3311–3315
Liu X, Stanley HE, Gao J (2016) Breakdown of interdependent directed networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(5):1138–1143
Chai WK, Kyritsis V, Katsaros KV, Pavlou G (2016) Resilience of interdependent communication and power distribution networks against cascading failures. In: Proceedings of the IFIP networking conference (IFIP networking) and workshops, 2016. IEEE, 2016, pp 37–45
Chen L, Yue D, Dou C, Cheng Z, Chen J (2020) Robustness of cyberphysical power systems in cascading failure: survival of interdependent clusters. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 114:105374
Pan T, Kuhnle A, Li X, Thai M (2018) Vulnerability of interdependent networks with heterogeneous cascade models and timescales. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 38th international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS), 2018. IEEE, 2018, pp 290–299
Chen Z, Wu J, Xia Y, Zhang X (2017) Robustness of interdependent power grids and communication networks: a complex network perspective. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 65(1):115–119
Moussa B, Akaber P, Debbabi M, Assi C (2017) Critical links identification for selective outages in interdependent power-communication networks. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 14(2):472–483
De Domenico M, Solé-Ribalta A, Cozzo E, Kivelä M, Moreno Y, Porter MA, Gómez S, Arenas A (2013) Mathematical formulation of multilayer networks. Phys Rev X 3(4):041022
Charmousis C, Copeland EJ, Padilla A, Saffin PM (2012) General second-order scalar-tensor theory and self-tuning. Phys Rev Lett 108(5):051101
Song J, Cotilla-Sanchez E, Ghanavati G, Hines PD (2015) Dynamic modeling of cascading failure in power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(3):2085–2095
Li J, Liu CC, Schneider KP (2010) Controlled partitioning of a power network considering real and reactive power balance. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1(3):261–269
Ma J, Zhang Y, Ma W, Wang Z (2014) Power network topological analysis based on incidence matrix notation method and loop matrix. Autom Electr Power Syst 38(12):74–80
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the General Project of Science and Technology Program of Beijing Education Commission (no. KM201911232017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, S., Amer, H.M. & Gao, L. Heterogeneity and Directionality Analysis of the Cyber Physical Power System. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16, 749–757 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00628-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00628-x