Tracking natural CO2 migration through a sandstone aquifer using Sr, U and C isotopes: Chimayó, New Mexico, USA

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103209

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Volume 104, January 2021, 103209

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103209 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
Groundwater isotope analyses can distinguish between CO₂-transport mechanisms.
•
Strontium isotopes are sensitive to saline water intrusion into shallow groundwaters.
•
Uranium isotopes suggest two distinct uranium sources in Chimayó groundwaters.
•
Multi-isotope model identifies groundwaters affected by diffuse CO₂ gas migration.
•
Diffuse CO₂ gas migration into groundwaters is associated with elevated uranium.

Abstract

The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwaters in Chimayó, New Mexico, reflect processes that affect water quality in the Tesuque Aquifer, which overlies a leaking natural CO₂ source in a structurally complex region. In this study, select isotopes (δ¹³C, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²³⁴U/²³⁸U) are applied to groundwaters to better understand CO₂ transport mechanisms and related water-rock interactions that impact Chimayó groundwater. Carbon stable isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; δ¹³C_DIC = -15.10‰ to 4.50‰) identify a distinct source of upward-migrating CO₂ that interacts with the groundwater. Groundwater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compositions (0.7098 to 0.7154) reflect intrusion of varying amounts of saline water associated with the high CO₂ source, while ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios corroborate presence of deep groundwater and suggest impacts from distinctive natural uranium sources are affecting groundwater. Previous work proposed two CO₂ transport mechanisms at the site: (1) dissolved in deep brine that underlies the aquifer and (2) in the gas phase; this study uses isotope mixing models to identify wells that are affected by these CO₂ transport mechanisms and demonstrates that both transport mechanisms are associated with impaired groundwaters. Overall, this study demonstrates that applying multiple isotope systems (δ¹³C_DIC, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²³⁴U/²³⁸U) is a dynamic tool for identifying and measuring the impact of CO₂ leakage from a sequestration site.

Introduction

The successful long-term storage of anthropogenic CO₂ in geologic formations requires sensitive monitoring tools. These tools facilitate understanding of the geochemical and mineralogical interactions of storage units, their formation waters, and associated shallow aquifers and deep brines potentially affected by injection of CO₂. Naturally occurring high-CO₂ groundwaters are analogues for aquifers overlying leaking CO₂ storage reservoirs (Bickle and Kampman, 2013). These groundwaters provide unique opportunities to evaluate and optimize geochemical tools that describe water-rock interactions related to long-term CO₂ migration into aquifers (Moore et al., 2005; Lewicki et al., 2013; Maskell et al., 2015). Additionally, these sites can aid in identifying potential effects on water quality from interaction of aquifers and seal rocks with migrating fluid or gas phase CO₂.

Trace element and isotopic (e.g., δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ¹³C_DIC) analysis of waters from monitoring wells can identify changes spurred by injection of supercritical CO₂, including dissolution or precipitation reactions and the migration of brines (Kharaka et al., 2009; Pan et al., 2016; Snaebjornsdottir et al., 2017). For example, Kharaka et al. (2006, 2009) used light stable isotopes to track injected CO₂ and identify CO₂ migration into an adjacent formation at the Frio test site, Texas, USA. Variations in natural isotope ratios (e.g., δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ¹³C_DIC, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²³⁴U/²³⁸U) can also assist in identification of groundwater, brine, seal rock and aquifer interactions, and quantify the contribution of various inputs to groundwater (e.g. Banner, 2004; Yang et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2013; Keating et al., 2014). At Idaho Springs, ID, USA, researchers have complemented major ion chemistry with isotope measurements (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²³⁴U/²³⁸U) to identify CO₂-promoted dissolution-precipitation reactions that affect groundwater evolution (Maskell et al., 2015). Further research at Idaho Springs has used isotopic analyses (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹⁸O, δ²H) to identify reaction pathways and distinct recharge sources among various water types (McLing et al., 2020). In other examples, Sr isotopes were used to document dissolution of reservoir carbonates at a CO₂-enhanced oil recovery site (Quattrocchi et al., 2006), and have also been coupled with carbon isotopes to trace the movement of CO₂ plumes during a controlled leak of CO₂ into a shallow aquifer (Newell et al., 2014) and to model water-rock-CO₂ interactions in the event of CO₂ leakage into an aquifer (Humez et al., 2013). Natural isotope tracers can also serve as an important complement to standard geochemical and geophysical tools used to track CO₂ migration through analysis of waters from shallow groundwater monitoring wells. In some settings, the use of naturally-occurring isotope signatures to detect CO₂ migration can be preferable to an introduced tracer such as perfluorocarbons (Roberts et al., 2017).

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the region near Chimayó, north-central New Mexico (Fig. 1), is a site of long-term interaction of groundwater in shallow aquifers with infiltration of CO₂ and brine from non-hydrothermal sources (Cumming, 1997; Keating et al., 2010, Keating et al., 2011, Keating et al., 2012, Keating et al., 2013; Viswanathan et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2017). The underlying Tesuque aquifer was once a source of drinking water for local residents, but due to concerns about water quality, including high total dissolved solids (TDS) and elevated levels of As and U, residents abandoned their private wells and switched to a community water system (Cumming, 1997; Keating et al., 2010). The impaired groundwater in the region could result from upward migration of deep, high CO₂-saline waters into shallow aquifers, along faults and fractures that cross-cut the region (Cumming, 1997; Keating et al., 2010, Keating et al., 2012, Keating et al., 2013; Viswanathan et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2017). These deep, high CO₂-saline waters may transport heavy metals (As, U) into the Chimayó groundwater (Keating, 2010). To enhance our understanding of how CO₂-rich upward migrating fluid mixes and interacts with shallow groundwaters, we integrate geochemical and isotopic (C, Sr, U) analyses of local groundwater with sequential chemical extraction experiments on aquifer sediments to identify the sources of groundwater constituents and to characterize the subsurface chemical reactions occurring in the aquifer.

Section snippets

Geologic and hydrogeologic setting

The Chimayó study area is located approximately 95 km northwest of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It lies within the Española Basin, a half graben created as a result of extension associated with the still-active Rio Grande Rift (Keller and Baldridge, 1999; Wilson et al., 2005). The eastern margin of the basin is defined by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and late Cenozoic high-angle faults that penetrate Tertiary basin fill and Precambrian basement rocks (Vernon and Riecker, 1989). Previous work

Results

Field-based measurements are presented in Table 1, and major and trace element concentrations in Table 2. Groundwater temperature and pH ranged from 14.2–19.3 °C and 6.4–8.6, respectively (Table 1). Alkalinity ranged from 136 to 3320 mg L⁻¹ as bicarbonate, and TDS from 306 to 5420 mg L^-1. Bicarbonate (HCO₃-) was the dominant anion for all well waters, however, CHM-5 had similar molar concentrations of bicarbonate (54 mM) and CO₂ (42 mM). The groundwaters fell within the range of Ca-HCO₃ and

Factors affecting the geochemistry of Chimayó groundwaters

High TDS is a primary concern in Chimayó groundwaters. Four of this study’s samples are slightly to moderately saline waters (TDS > 1,000 mg L⁻¹) and exceed the EPA secondary standard for total dissolved solids (TDS < 500 mg L⁻¹; USEPA, 2018). High TDS waters cluster in two spatially distinct areas, north and south of the Santa Cruz River, proximal to the Roberts fault (Fig. 4a). The origin of this salinity is often associated with upwelling high-CO₂, saline waters, such as that sampled in

Conclusions

Geochemical and isotopic (δ¹³C_DIC, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²³⁴U/²³⁸U) relationships were applied to identify and measure the impact of CO₂ transport mechanisms on a groundwater system at a naturally occurring, high CO₂ system in the Rio Grande Rift area near Chimayó, NM in the southwestern U.S. This study addresses issues critical to storage site risk assessment and shallow aquifer monitoring of CO₂ in geologic formations including (1) the relationship between high-CO₂ fluid-rock interaction and aquifer

Disclaimer

This work was funded by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, an agency of the United States Government, through a support contract with Leidos Research Support Team (LRST). Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor LRST, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,

CRediT authorship contribution statement

J.B. Gardiner: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. R.C. Capo: Conceptualization, Resources, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. D.L. Newell: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. B.W. Stewart: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review &

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was performed in support of the US Department of Energy’s Fossil Energy Crosscutting Technology Research Program. The Research was executed through the NETL Research and Innovation Center’s Carbon Storage program. Research performed by Leidos Research Support Team staff was conducted under the RSS contract 89243318CFE000003.

References (78)

D.H. Bacon et al.
Geochemical impacts of carbon dioxide, brine, trace metal and organic leakage into an unconfined, oxidizing limestone aquifer
Energy Procedia
(2014)
J.L. Banner
Radiogenic isotopes: systematic and applications to earth surface processes and chemical stratigraphy
Earth Sci. Rev.
(2004)
W. Cavazza
Miocene sediment dispersal in the Central Española Basin, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, U.S.A
Sediment. Geol.
(1986)
H. Cheng et al.
The half-lives of uranium-234 and thorium-230
Chem. Geol.
(2000)
N. Chkir et al.
Uranium isotopes in groundwater from the continental intercalaire aquifer in Algerian Tunisian Sahara (Northern Africa)
J. Environ. Radioact.
(2009)
S. Durand et al.
U isotope ratios as tracers of groundwater inputs into surface waters: example of the Upper Rhine hydrosystem
Chem. Geol.
(2005)
F. Goff et al.
Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.
(2002)
J.A. Hakala et al.
Assessment of the geochemical reactivity of Fe-DOM complexes in wetland sediment pore waters using a nitroaromatic probe compound
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
(2009)
P. Humez et al.
Assessing the potential consequences of CO2 leakage to freshwater resources: a batch-reaction experiment towards an isotopic tracing tool
J. Appl. Geochem.
(2013)
E.H. Keating et al.
The challenge of predicting groundwater quality impacts in a CO₂leakage scenario: Results from field, laboratory, and modeling studies at a natural analog site in New Mexico, USA
Energy Procedia
(2011)

E.H. Keating et al.

CO₂leakage impacts on shallow groundwater: Field-scale reactive-transport simulations informed by observations at a natural analog site

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2013)

E. Keating et al.

Insights into interconnections between the shallow and deep systems from a natural CO₂ reservoir near Springerville, Arizona

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2014)

Y.K. Kharaka et al.

Potential environmental issues of CO₂storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2009)

J.L. Lewicki et al.

Geologic CO2 input into groundwater and the atmosphere, Soda Springs, ID, USA

Chem. Geol.

(2013)

X. Luo et al.

High precision 230Th/232Th and 234U/238U measurements using energy filtered ICP magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry

Int. J. Mass Spectrom.

(1997)

L. Ma et al.

Regolith production rates calculated with uranium-series isotopes at Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

(2010)

A. Maskell et al.

Kinetics of CO2–fluid–rock reactions in a basalt aquifer, Soda Springs, Idaho

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2015)

J. Moore et al.

Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2 in natural reservoirs: an example from the Springerville–St. Johns Field, Arizona, and New Mexico, USA

Chem. Geol.

(2005)

D.L. Newell et al.

Tracing CO 2 leakage into groundwater using carbon and strontium isotopes during a controlled CO₂ release field test

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2014)

J.B. Paces et al.

Natural uranium and strontium isotope tracers of water sources and surface water–groundwater interactions in arid wetlands–Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA

J. Hydrol.

(2014)

J.B. Paces et al.

234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2002)

F. Pan et al.

Forecasting evolution of formation water chemistry and long-term mineral alteration for GCS in a typical clastic reservoir of the Southwestern United States

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2016)

T.T. Phan et al.

Geochemical and multi-isotopic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ²³⁸U/²³⁵U) perspectives of sediment sources, depositional conditions, and diagenesis of the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, USA

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta

(2018)

J.J. Roberts et al.

Geochemical tracers for monitoring offshore CO₂ stores

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2017)

M. Rožmarić et al.

Determination of uranium and thorium in complex samples using chromatographic separation, ICP-MS and spectrophotometric detection

Talanta

(2009)

J.S. Ryu et al.

Uranium isotopes as a tracer of sources of dissolved solutes in the Han River, South Korea

Chem. Geol.

(2009)

G.G. Salata et al.

A rapid and precise method for measuring stable carbon isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon

Mar. Chem.

(2000)

S.O. Snaebjornsdottir et al.

The chemistry and saturation states of subsurface fluids during the in situ mineralisation of CO₂ and H₂S at the CarbFix site in SW-Iceland

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2017)

B.W. Stewart et al.

Origin of brines, salts and carbonate from shales of the Marcellus Formation: evidence from geochemical and Sr isotope study of sequentially extracted fluids

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2015)

J. Suksi et al.

Variations in ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios in groundwater—a key to flow system characterisation?

Phys. Chem. Earth

(2006)

W. Um et al.

U (VI) adsorption on aquifer sediments at the Hanford Site

J. Contam. Hydrol.

(2007)

D.J. Vesper et al.

Determination of free CO2 in emergent groundwaters using a commercial beverage carbonation meter

J. Hydrol.

(2012)

H. Viswanathan et al.

Developing a robust geochemical and reactive transport model to evaluate possible sources of arsenic at the CO₂ sequestration natural analog site in Chimayó, New Mexico

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

(2012)

G.J. Wasserburg et al.

Precise determination of Sm/Nd ratios, Sm and Nd isotopic abundances in standard solutions

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta

(1981)

A.J. Williams et al.

Hydrogeochemistry of the Middle Rio Grande aquifer system—fluid mixing and salinization of the Rio Grande due to fault inputs

Chem. Geol.

(2013)

F. Yang et al.

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence for trans-formational flow in a sedimentary basin: implications for CO2 storage

J. Appl. Geochem.

(2013)

C. Bertin et al.

Radon-222 and chloride as natural tracers of the infiltration of river water into an alluvial aquifer in which there is significant river/groundwater mixing

Environ. Sci. Technol.

(1994)

C.M. Bethke

Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling

(2007)

M. Bickle et al.

Lessons in carbon storage from geological analogues

Geology

(2013)

Cited by (7)

A review of risk and uncertainty assessment for geologic carbon storage
2024, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in geological formations play a key role in mitigating anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and achieving the aggressive goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Risk and uncertainty assessment is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of geologic carbon storage (GCS) by evaluating CO₂ migration in subsurface, forecasting potential leakage and induced seismicity risks, and optimizing operational and monitoring plans. In this review, the use and progress of risk assessment for GCS over the last few decades are examined. We use the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP), which is one of the seven regional partnerships supported by the United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE), as an example of large-scale CCUS projects in North America. Additionally, future trends and requirements for risk assessment in GCS are discussed. The information provided in this review can help readers understand the significance of risk and uncertainty assessment and apply it effectively in large-scale GCS projects.
Chemical impacts of subsurface CO<inf>2</inf> and brine on shallow groundwater quality
2023, Chemosphere
Leakage from geologic CO₂ sequestration (GCS) sites to overlying shallow drinking water aquifers is a tangible risk. A primary purpose of this study is to assess the potential impacts of CO₂ leakage into a fresh-water aquifer with associated CO₂-water-sediment interactions. The study site is the Ogallala aquifer overlying an active demonstration-scale GCS site in north Texas, USA. Using the results of combined batch experiments and reactive transport simulations, we discuss the effects of salinity on potential trace metal release and the potential for groundwater quality recovery after leakage ceases.
suggest that trace metals are released from sediment due to impure carbonate mineral dissolution and cation exchange with exposure to aqueous CO₂. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Sr might exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) limits. After CO₂ leakage stops, most cation concentrations decrease to levels observed before leakage quickly, suggesting that water quality may not be a long-term concern. However, saline water that co-leaks with CO₂ may increase salinity of a shallow aquifer and induce more trace metals release from the sediment. In most cases, pH is sensitive to even small increases of CO₂, suggesting that pH may be a sufficiently sensitive parameter for detecting CO₂ leakage.
Underground sources of drinking water chemistry changes in response to potential CO<inf>2</inf> leakage
2022, Science of the Total Environment
Citation Excerpt :
Various methods have been employed to quantify the potential impacts of CO2 on groundwater quality. Specific approaches include: (1) interpretating mechanisms of chemical reactions with CO2 introduction by laboratory-scale experiments (Lawter et al., 2018; Lichtschlag et al., 2021; Little and Jackson, 2010; Lu et al., 2010; Shao et al., 2015; Xiao et al., 2021), (2) short-term field tests (Varadharajan et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2013), (3) natural analog observations (Delkhahi et al., 2020; Gardiner et al., 2021; Kampman et al., 2014; Keating et al., 2010), (4) simulations of CO2-rock interactions (Kirsch et al., 2014; Viswanathan et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2017c, Xiao et al., 2017a; Zheng et al., 2021), (5) estimating leakage flux through different pathways (Onishi et al., 2019; Seo et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020b, Xiao et al., 2017d), and (6) identifying leakage by monitoring and parameters as indicators for early detection (Bacon et al., 2016; Carroll et al., 2014; Xiao et al., 2020a). Because of different test locations, sediment types, and leakage pathway conditions among all these studies, interpreted leakage rates, CO2-sediment interaction mechanisms and trace metal release vary significantly.
The purpose of this study was to quantify changes to underground sources of drinking water (USDW) quality in response to potential CO₂ leakage from geologic CO₂ sequestration (GCS) reservoirs. We developed a framework of combined laboratory experiments and reactive transport simulations and used this framework to evaluate the Ogallala aquifer overlying the Farnsworth Unit (FWU), an active GCS site, as a case study. Using chemical reaction parameters obtained from laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, site-specific mechanisms of CO₂-water-sediment interactions at the USDW aquifer were interpreted. Long-term risks of potential CO₂ leakage were then evaluated with field-scale numerical models using the regional hydrogeological characteristics and reaction parameters obtained from our experiments and simulations. Results suggest that carbonate mineral impurity and cation exchange are key mechanisms for interactions between CO₂ and the aquifer sediment. Additionally, for a large leakage rate of 0.1 % injection from one leaky well, the leakage plume might impact an area of 300 m in diameter and significantly affect the local water quality by changing pH and cation concentrations (e.g., Zn, Ba and Sr). After leakage ceases, the zone of impacted fluids would not migrate significantly in subsequent decades due to a low regional groundwater flowrate (for this case study). The relatively small area of impact might not be detected in a monitoring well given the broader spacing in a typical field scenario. Effective early leakage detection may require additional tools, e.g., borehole CO₂ movement, four-dimensional seismicity, CO₂ soil flux, samples from deeper aquifers, etc., to ensure effective leakage detection and long-term safety of GCS projects.
U-series and Sr isotopes as tracers of mineral weathering and water routing from the deep Critical Zone to streamflow in a high-elevation volcanic catchment
2021, Chemical Geology
Citation Excerpt :
While Sr concentrations are influenced by evaporation, adsorption, or precipitation, 87Sr/86Sr values are not affected by these processes and are known to be conservative tracers of mineral weathering (Paces et al., 2002; Shand et al., 2009; Porter, 2012; Paces and Wurster, 2014). Recent studies combining the radiogenic isotopic systems of U-series and Sr isotopes have shown their synergistic utility in isotope mixing analysis (Paces and Wurster, 2014; Neymark et al., 2018; Gardiner et al., 2020). A recent drilling campaign in a small, high elevation zero order basin (ZOB) of the Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-CZO) probed the deep CZ and enabled U-series and radiogenic Sr isotope analysis of groundwater and collocated solids from intact continuous cores and multi-level monitoring wells installed in two hillslopes in a small, intensively studied ZOB nested within a larger headwater catchment (La Jara).
Tracing water routing and groundwater contribution to streamflow is a key tool for better understanding limited water resources. Measurements of U-series activity ratios and radiogenic Sr isotope ratios in drill cores, streams, and groundwater samples were employed to investigate weathering controls and better understand hydrologic flow paths and evolution through the heterogenous subsurface of a montane catchment. Situated within the semi-arid geologically complex volcanic setting of the Valles Caldera National Preserve in northern NM, this study focuses on streams draining the tallest (3432 masl) resurgent dome (Redondo Peak). Recent drilling of groundwater monitoring wells allowed for the collection and isotopic analysis of intact continuous cores and groundwater collected from similar depths, a unique and valuable contribution to U-series studies, within a high elevation headwater catchment focusing on two hillslopes with contrasting Critical Zone (CZ) structure and several distinct groundwater stores.
U-series composition of core samples identified UTh fractionation from recent (< 1.25 Ma) disturbance in both hillslopes; however, (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) and (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) disequilibria and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values indicated more intense weathering and lithologic complexity in the hillslope underlain by volcanic breccia over vesicular tuff compared to the hillslope underlain by fractured tuff. The weathering profile of the site composed of breccia overlying vesicular tuff was influenced by the presence of shallow groundwater situated above deeper groundwater stores, which have distinctively higher (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr signatures than those of the deep groundwater stores in the fractured tuff site. The combination of U-series and Sr isotopes across time and in isotope mixing analysis highlights the utility of pairing these two isotope tracers that pinpoint distinct groundwater stores and help to isolate controls on U-series isotopes. Time series of U and Sr isotope signatures of groundwater and surface water suggest small seasonal changes in composition of streamflow while USr isotope mixing analysis suggests that deep groundwater from the fractured tuff aquifer system generates more than 90% of streamflow to the greater catchment whereas shallow groundwater and soil water contribute less than 10% to streamflow, primarily following spring snowmelt. Importantly, constraining streamflow sources using isotope mixing analysis highlights that deep groundwater from fractured bedrock within the CZ sustains streamflow here and emphasizes the need to consider deep groundwater in future studies of fractured bedrock systems.
Underground Sources of Drinking Water (Usdw) Chemistry Changes in Response to Potential Co<inf>2</inf> Leakage
2022, SSRN
Influence of CO<inf>2</inf> migration from geological storage on the chemical composition of groundwater and monitoring indicators
2022, Environmental Earth Sciences

View all citing articles on Scopus

¹: Present Address: Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.

View full text

Tracking natural CO2 migration through a sandstone aquifer using Sr, U and C isotopes: Chimayó, New Mexico, USA

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Geologic and hydrogeologic setting

Results

Factors affecting the geochemistry of Chimayó groundwaters

Conclusions

Disclaimer

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

Energy Procedia

Earth Sci. Rev.

Sediment. Geol.

Chem. Geol.

J. Environ. Radioact.

Chem. Geol.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta

J. Appl. Geochem.

Energy Procedia

J. Appl. Geochem.

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

J. Appl. Geochem.

Chem. Geol.

Int. J. Mass Spectrom.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

J. Appl. Geochem.

Chem. Geol.

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

J. Hydrol.

J. Appl. Geochem.

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

Talanta

Chem. Geol.

Mar. Chem.

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

J. Appl. Geochem.

Phys. Chem. Earth

J. Contam. Hydrol.

J. Hydrol.

Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.

Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta

Chem. Geol.

J. Appl. Geochem.

Radon-222 and chloride as natural tracers of the infiltration of river water into an alluvial aquifer in which there is significant river/groundwater mixing

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling

Lessons in carbon storage from geological analogues

Geology

Tracking natural CO₂ migration through a sandstone aquifer using Sr, U and C isotopes: Chimayó, New Mexico, USA