Abstract
Background
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as the pine wood nematode (PWN), is one of the most destructive nematode species. It causes pine wilt, a slow progressive disease that results in economic loss worldwide.
Objective
Here, we review the nematode detection methods, including morphological, molecular, chemical, and protein-based methods, and assess how the nematode’s distribution, virulence, incidence, and severity may be attenuated.
Results
Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode is determined via its morphological and molecular characteristics. Many studies have used nucleic acid PCR amplification as a molecular-based technique, but there are often problems with DNA isolation. Currently, molecular-, chemical-, and protein-based analysis methods are used to diagnose emerging pine wilt diseases.
Conclusion
It is important to quickly diagnose and treat symptomatic trees, but the asymptomatic trees also require quick diagnosis and removal. For this reason, morphological- and DNA-based methods should be combined with chemical- and protein-based approaches for quick and efficient detection.
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Abbreviations
- B. xylophilus :
-
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
- PWN:
-
Pine wilt nematode
- RT-PCR:
-
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
- RFLP:
-
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
- LAMP:
-
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- RPA:
-
Recombinase polymerase amplification
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- GC-FID:
-
Gas chromatography flame ionization detector
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- CTAB:
-
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
- ITS:
-
Internal transcribed spacer
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- satDNA:
-
Satellite DNA
- qPCR:
-
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- rDNA:
-
Ribosomal DNA
- FAM:
-
Fluorescein phosphoramidite
- TAMRA:
-
Tetramethylrhodamine
- PEL3:
-
Pectate lyase 3
- POIDs:
-
Potable optical isothermal devices
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
- SPME/GC/MS:
-
Solid-phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- CAZymes:
-
Carbohydrate-activating enzymes
- EXPB3:
-
ExpansinB3
- WGA:
-
Wheat germ agglutinin
- ConA:
-
Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin
- RCA120 :
-
Ricinus communis agglutinin
- SELEX:
-
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment
- ANXA5:
-
Annexin A5
- rRNA:
-
Ribosomal RNA
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1A2C1009463) and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2020R1A6A1A06046235).
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Lee, JP., Sekhon, S.S., Kim, J.H. et al. The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and molecular diagnostic methods. Mol. Cell. Toxicol. 17, 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-020-00110-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-020-00110-9