Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Religious affect and personal happiness: are there significant differences between Catholic adolescents in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland?

  • Published:
Journal of Religious Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study set out to explore levels of religious affect (measured by the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity) and personal affect (measured by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire) among samples of Catholic students in the Republic of Ireland attending fifth- and sixth-year classes (N = 3015) and Catholic students in Northern Ireland attending sixth-form classes (N = 1624), after taking into account individual differences in sex, age, and personality (as measured by the abbreviated form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised). Consistent with the findings of previous research, the data demonstrated a significant positive association between religious affect and personal happiness: religious students are happier students. Catholic students in Northern Ireland hold a more positive attitude toward Christianity (higher levels of religious affect) than Catholic students in the Republic of Ireland. Nonetheless, there is no significant difference in levels of happiness (personal affect) between Catholic students in the two jurisdictions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2005). Quality of life, subjective wellbeing, and religiosity in Muslim college students. Quality of Life Research,19, 1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9676-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B., Byrne, G., & Cullen, S. (2016). Religious pluralism, education, and citizenship in Ireland. In E. Aslan, R. Ebrahim, & M. Hermansen (Eds.), Islam, religions, and pluralism in Europe (pp. 161–169). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M., & Crossland, J. (1987). Dimensions of positive emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology,26, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00773.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189–203). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayani, A. A. (2008). Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Farsi version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Psychological Reports,103, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.5.139-144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, G. (2013). Pluralism, dialogue and religious education in Share the Good News: national directory for catechesis in Ireland. In G. Byrne & P. Kieran (Eds.), Toward mutual ground: Pluralism, religious education and diversity in Irish schools (pp. 147–155). Dublin: Columba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, G. (2017). Religious education in Catholic second-level schools in Ireland today: An invitation to love understanding, commitment, hospitality and dialogue. In M. Shanahan (Ed.), Does religious education matter? (pp. 114–129). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, G., & Francis, L. J. (Eds.). (2019). Religion and education: The voices of young people in Ireland. Dublin: Veritas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, G., & Kieran, P. (Eds.). (2013). Toward mutual ground: Pluralism, religious education and diversity in Irish schools. Dublin: Columba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Arias, A., Oviedo, H. C., Dtaz, C. F., & Cogollo, Z. (2006). Internal consistency of a Spanish translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity short form. Psychological Reports,99, 1008–1010. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.99.3.1008-1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catholic Bishops of Northern Ireland. (2001). Building peace shaping the future. Armagh: Catholic Bishops.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistics Office. (2012). Census 2011 results profile 7: Religion, ethnicity and Irish travellers – ethnic and cultural background in Ireland. Available at https://www.cso.ie

  • Central Statistics Office. (2017). Census 2016 results profile 8: Irish Travellers, ethnicity and religion. Available at https://www.cso.ie

  • Coll, N. (2013). Religious pluralism and educational practice in Northern Ireland. In G. Byrne & P. Kieran (Eds.), Toward mutual ground: Pluralism, religious education and diversity in Irish schools (pp. 157–163). Dublin: Columba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coogan, T. P. (2006). Ireland in the twentieth century. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coolahan, J., Hussey, C., & Kilfeather, F. (2012). The forum on patronage and pluralism in the primary sector: Report of the forum’s advisory group. Dublin: Department of Education and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crea, G., Baioco, R., Ioverno, S., Buzzi, G., & Francis, L. J. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Italian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: A study among Catholic adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values,35, 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2014.884860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika,16, 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Flow: The classic work on how to achieve happiness. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eek, J. (2001). Religious facilitation through intense liturgical participation: A quasi-experimental study of Swedish pilgrims to Taizé. Lund: University of Lund Studies in Psychology of Religion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elken, A., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2010). Internal consistency reliability of the Estonian translation of the Oxford Happiness Measure: Contributing to positive psychology in Estonia. In E. E. Wells (Ed.), Psychological wellbeing (pp. 223–230). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, T. E., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Measuring attitude toward Christianity through the medium of Welsh. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 279–294). Leominster: Fowler Wright Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1983). I do: Your guide to a happy marriage. London: Century.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the eysenck personality questionnaire (adult and junior). London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991). Manual of the eysenck personality scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences,6, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(85)90026-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, V., & Neto, F. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among Portuguese university students. Psychological Reports,91, 995–998. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flere, S., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2011). The psychometric properties of the Serbian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: A study among Eastern Orthodox students. Pastoral Psychology,60, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-010-0327-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flere, S., Klanjsek, R., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Slovenian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: A study among Roman Catholic undergraduate students. Journal of Beliefs and Values,29, 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670802465904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R. F. (2014). Vivid faces: The revolutionary generation in Ireland 1890–1923. London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco CA: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fradera, A. (2015). When psychologists tried to replicate 100 previously published findings. The Psychologist,28, 794–795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (1978a). Attitude and longitude: A study in measurement. Character Potential,8, 119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (1978b). Measurement reapplied: Research into the child's attitude towards religion. British Journal of Religious Education,1, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141620780010202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (1989). Measuring attitude towards Christianity during childhood and adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences,10, 695–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89),90230-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (1993). Reliability and validity of a short scale of attitude towards Christianity among adults. Psychological Reports,72, 615–618. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (1999). Happiness is a thing called stable extraversion: A further examination of the relationship between the Oxford Happiness Inventory and Eysenck’s dimensional model of personality and gender. Personality and Individual Differences,26, 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98),00185-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J. (2009). Understanding the attitudinal dimensions of religion and spirituality. In M. De Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O’Higgins-Norman, & D. G. Scott (Eds.), International handbook of education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (pp. 147–168). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., Lester, D., & Philipchalk, R. (1998). Happiness as stable extraversion: A cross-cultural examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences,24, 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97),00170-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia. Personality and Individual Differences,13, 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Elken, A., & Robbins, M. (2012). The affective dimension of religion and personal happiness among students in Estonia. Journal of Research in Christian Education,21, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2012.658605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Enger, T. (2002). The Norwegian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,43, 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Hermans, C. A. M. (2000). Internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Dutch translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among adolescents. Psychological Reports,86, 301–307. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Ispas, D., Robbins, M., Ilie, A., & Iliescu, D. (2009). The Romanian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: Internal consistency reliability, re-test reliability and construct validity among undergraduate students within a Greek Orthodox culture. Pastoral Psychology,58, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0174-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Jones, S. H., & Wilcox, C. (2000). Religiosity and happiness: During adolescence, young adulthood and later life. Journal of Psychology and Christianity,19, 245–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. (2000). The internal consistency reliability and validity of the Hebrew translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Psychological Reports,87, 193–196. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2002). Religiosity and happiness: A study among Israeli female undergraduates. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion,13, 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Katz, Y. J. (2007). Measuring attitude toward Judaism: The internal consistency reliability of the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism. Mental Health, Religion and Culture,10, 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670600668291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Katz, Y. J., Yablon, Y., & Robbins, M. (2004). Religiosity, personality and happiness: A study among Israeli male undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies,5, 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOHS.0000048460.35705.e8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Kwiran, M. (1999). Werthaltungen (einstellungen) gegenüber dem christentum bei deutschen heranwachsenden: Die Francis-Skala [Assessing attitude toward Christianity among adolescents in Germany: The Francis Scale]. Braunschweiger Beiträge,89, 50–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Lester, D. (1997). Religion, personality and happiness. Journal of Contemporary Religion,12, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909708580791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Philipchalk, R., Brown, L. B., & Lester, D. (1995a). The internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (adult) among undergraduate students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences,19, 949–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(95)00131-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Lewis, J. M., Philipchalk, R., Lester, D., & Brown, L. B. (1995b). Reliability and validity of a short scale of attitude toward Christianity among students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada. Psychological Reports,77, 431–434. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Ok, U., & Robbins, M. (2017). Religion and happiness: A study among university students in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health,56, 1335–1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0189-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Quesnell, M., & Lewis, C. A. (2010). Assessing attitude toward Christianity among adolescents in the Czech Republic: The Francis Scale. Irish Journal of Psychology,31, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2010.10446330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2000). Religion and happiness: A study in empirical theology. Transpersonal Psychology Review,4, 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Louden, S. H., & Haley, J. M. (2001). A revised psychoticism scale for the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A study among clergy. Psychological Report,88, 1131–1134. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3c.1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., & White, A. (2003a). Correlation between religion and happiness: A replication. Psychological Reports,92, 51–52. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Santosh, R., Robbins, M., & Vij, S. (2008). Assessing attitude toward Hinduism: The Santosh-Francis Scale. Mental Health, Religion & Culture,11, 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670701846469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Stubbs, M. T. (1987). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity: From childhood into adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences,8, 741–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87),90075-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Yablon, Y. B., & Robbins, M. (2014). Religion and happiness: A study among female undergraduate students in Israel. International Journal of Jewish Education Research,7, 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., Ziebertz, H.-G., & Lewis, C. A. (2003b). The relationship between religion and happiness among German students. Pastoral Psychology,51, 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022529231234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, L. (2004). Irish Catholicism since 1950: The undoing of a culture. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (1999). Personality as predictors of mental health and happiness in the East and West. Personality and Individual Differences,27, 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98),00250-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greer, J. E. (1972). A questioning generation. Belfast: Church of Ireland Board of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hession, A. (2015). Catholic primary religious education in a pluralist environment. Dublin: Veritas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences,33, 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01),00213-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irish Catholic Bishops’ Conference. (2011). Religious practice and values in Ireland: A summary of European Values Study 4th wave data. Researcher, E. O’Mahony. Maynooth: Irish Catholic Bishops’ Conference. Available at https://www.catholicbishops.ie

  • Irish Episcopal Conference. (2010). Share the good news: National directory for catechesis in Ireland. Dublin: Veritas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristjánsson, K. (2010). Positive psychology, happiness, and virtue: The troublesome conceptual issues. Review of General Psychology,14(4), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, M. (2015). Media and church in Ireland since the council. In N. Coll (Ed.), Ireland and Vatican II: Essays theological, pastoral and educational (pp. 144–154). Dublin: Columba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D. A. (2011). Stepping stones to other religions: A Christian theology of inter-religious dialogue. Dublin: Veritas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. A., Adamovová, L., & Francis, L. J. (2008). Assessing the Francis Sale of Attitude toward Christianity among Slovak students. International Journal of Psychology,43, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liaghatdar, M. J., Jarfarc, E., Abedi, M. R., & Samiee, F. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among university students in Iran. Spanish Journal of Psychology,11, 310–313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600004340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. A., & Francis, L. J. (2003). Evaluer l’attitude d’étudiantes universitaires françaises à l’égard du Christianisme: L’Echelle de Francis [Assessing attitude toward Christianity among female university students in France: The Francis Scale]. Sciences Pastorals,22, 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. A., Francis, L. J., & Ziebertz, H.-G. (2002). The internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the German translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. North American Journal of Psychology,4, 211–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2003). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., Gilmore, R., Kao, S. F., Weng, T. H., Hu, C. H., Chern, J. G., et al. (2001). Two ways to achieve happiness: When the East meets West. Personality and Individual Differences,30, 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00),00100-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., & Lin, Y. Y. (1998). Family roles and happiness in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences,25, 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98),00009-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., & Shih, B. (1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences,22, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96),00187-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., Shih, J. B., Lin, Y. Y., & Ju, L. S. (1997). Personal and environmental correlates of happiness. Personality and Individual Differences,23, 453–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97),80011-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology,9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meleddu, M., Guicciardi, M., Scalas, L. F., & Fadda, D. (2012). Validation of an Italian version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment,94, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.645931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrady, A. (2014). Teaching religion at schools in Ireland. In M. Rothgangel, R. Jackson, & M. Jäggle (Eds.), Religious education at schools in Europe, Part 2: Western Europe. Göttingen: V&R unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKittrick, D., & McVea, D. (2000). Making sense of the troubles. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munayer, S. J. (2000). The ethnic identity of Palestinian Arab Christian adolescents in Israel. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Wales (Oxford Centre for Mission Studies).

  • Mullally, A. (2010). Guidelines for the inclusion of students of other faiths in Catholic secondary schools. Dublin: Joint Managerial Body/Association of Catholic Secondary Schools.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neto, F. (2001). Personality predictors of happiness. Psychological Reports,88, 817–824. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. (2011). Census 2011: Population tables. Available at https://www.nisra.gov.uk

  • Ok, U. (2016). The Ok-Religious Attitude Scale (Islam): Introducing an instrument originated in Turkish for international use. Journal of Beliefs and Values,37, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2016.1141529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penny, G., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2015). Why are women more religious than men? Testing the explanatory power of personality theory among undergraduate students in Wales. Mental Health, Religion and Culture,18, 492–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1079603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, M., & Francis, L. J. (1996). Are religious people happier? A study among undergraduates. In L. J. Francis, W. K. Kay, & W. S. Campbell (Eds.), Research in religious education (pp. 207–218). Leominster: Fowler Wright Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology,52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahin, A., & Francis, L. J. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Islam among Muslim adolescents: The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis scale. Muslim Education Quarterly,19(4), 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E., Darmody, M., Lyons, M., Lynch, K., & Howlett, E. (2013). Children’s agency and religious identity in Irish primary schools. In E. Smith, M. Lyons, & M. Darmody (Eds.), Religious education in a multicultural Europe: Children, parents and schools (pp. 101–131). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekke, M., Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2018). Religious affect and personal happiness: A replication among Sunni students in Malaysia. Journal of Muslim Mental Health,11(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0011.201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiliopoulos, N., Francis, L. J., & Slattery, M. (2011). The affective dimension of religion and happiness among Hindu Bunts in South India. Transpersonal Psychology Review,14, 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiliopoulos, N., Francis, L. J., & Jiang, Y. (2013). The Chinese translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity: Factor structure, internal consistency reliability and construct validity among Protestant Christians in Shanghai. Pastoral Psychology,62, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-012-0457-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. (2005). Faith and the nation. Dublin: Dominican Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youtika, A., Joseph, S., & Diduca, D. (1999). Personality and religiosity in a Greek Christian Orthodox sample. Mental Health, Religion & Culture,2, 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674679908406333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, England, UK

    Leslie J. Francis

  2. Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

    Gareth Byrne & Bernadette Sweetman

  3. Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, England, UK

    Christopher Alan Lewis

Authors
  1. Leslie J. Francis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gareth Byrne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christopher Alan Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bernadette Sweetman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie J. Francis.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Francis, L.J., Byrne, G., Lewis, C.A. et al. Religious affect and personal happiness: are there significant differences between Catholic adolescents in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland?. j. relig. educ. 68, 13–27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-020-00095-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-020-00095-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation