Abstract
Although the Dark Triad of personality (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) has been widely investigated in relation to mate choice, research has not yet considered environmental danger and women’s preference for Dark Triad characteristics. Women (N = 357) completed an online two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) task, choosing between high and low Dark Triad facial morphs for attractiveness, and for perceived danger. They also answered questions assessing danger in their childhood and current environments. Women perceived the high Dark Triad faces as less attractive and more dangerous that the low faces. Childhood and current environmental danger did not have an association with a preference for the Dark Triad faces. The results indicate that the cost associated with pairing up with a high Dark Triad male may outweigh the benefits, irrespective of the environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brewer, G., Carter, G. L., Lyons, M., & Green, J. (2018). Sensation-seeking in women does not affect their preference for Dark Triad male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 92–95.
Brewer, G., Christiansen, P., Dorozkinaite, D., Ingleby, B., O’Hagan, L., Williams, C., & Lyons, M. (2017). A drunk heart speaks a sober mind: alcohol does not influence the selection of short-term partners with dark triad traits. Personality and Individual Differences.
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., Lolley, K. P., & Block, D. (2017). Facing the implications: dangerous world beliefs differentially predict men and women’s aversion to facially communicated psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 1–5.
Borras-Guevara, M. L., Batres, C., & Perrett, D. I. (2017). Aggressor or protector? Experiences and perceptions of violence predict preferences for masculinity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(4), 481–489.
Coulton, C. J., Korbin, J. E., & Su, M. (1996). Measuring neighborhood context for young children in an urban area. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 5–32.
Duntley, J. D., & Shackelford, T. K. (2012). Adaptations to avoid victimization. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 59-71.
Holekamp, K. E., & Strauss, E. D. (2016). Aggression and dominance: an interdisciplinary overview. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 12, 44–51.
Holtzman, N. S. (2011). Facing a psychopath: detecting the dark triad from emotionally-neutral faces, using prototypes from the Personality Faceaurus. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(6), 648–654.
Jonason, P. K., Girgis, M., & Milne-Home, J. (2017). The exploitive mating strategy of the Dark Triad traits: tests of rape-enabling attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 697–706.
Jonason, P. K., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2018). The fundamental social motives that characterize dark personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 132, 98–107.
Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 360–364.
Kiire, S. (2017). Psychopathy rather than Machiavellianism or narcissism facilitates intimate partner violence via fast life strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 401–406.
Lee, A. J., & Zietsch, B. P. (2011). Experimental evidence that women’s mate preferences are directly influenced by cues of pathogen prevalence and resource scarcity. Biology Letters, 7(6), 892–895.
Lefevre, C. E., & Lewis, G. J. (2014). Perceiving aggression from facial structure: further evidence for a positive association with facial width-to-height ratio and masculinity, but not for moderation by self-reported dominance. European Journal of Personality, 28(6), 530–537.
Lu, H. J., Zhu, X. Q., & Chang, L. (2015). Good genes, good providers, and good fathers: economic development involved in how women select a mate. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 9, 215–228.
Lyons, M. (2019). The Dark Triad of personality: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life. Academic Press.
Lyons, M., & Blanchard, A. (2016). “I could see, in the depth of his eyes, my own beauty reflected”: women’s assortative preference for narcissistic, but not for Machiavellian or psychopathic male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 40–44.
Lyons, M. T., Marcinkowska, U. M., Helle, S., & McGrath, L. (2015). Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who is the most masculine of them all? The Dark Triad, masculinity, and women’s mate choice. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 153–158.
Lyons, M., Marcinkowska, U., Moisey, V., Burriss, R., & Harrison, N. (2016). The effects of resource availability and relationship status on women’s preference for facial masculinity in men: an eye-tracking study. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 25–28.
Lyons, M., & Simeonov, L. (2016). The undesirable Dark Triad? Women dislike Dark Triad male faces across different mating context and socio-ecological conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 338–341.
Marcinkowska, U. M., Helle, S., & Lyons, M. T. (2015). Dark traits: sometimes hot, and sometimes not? Female preferences for Dark Triad faces depend on sociosexuality and contraceptive use. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 369–373.
Marcinkowska, U. M., Rantala, M. J., Lee, A. J., Kozlov, M. V., Aavik, T., Cai, H., et al. (2019). Women’s preferences for men’s facial masculinity are strongest under favorable ecological conditions. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3387.
Noser, E., Schoch, J., & Ehlert, U. (2018). The influence of income and testosterone on the validity of facial width-to-height ratio as a biomarker for dominance. PLoS One, 13(11), e0207333.
Paulhus, D. L., Curtis, S. R., & Jones, D. N. (2018). Aggression as a trait: the Dark Tetrad alternative. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 88–92.
Pollet, T., & Little, A. (2017). Baseline probabilities for two-alternative forced choice tasks when judging stimuli in evolutionary psychology: a methodological note. Human Ethology Bulletin, 32(1), 53–59.
Qureshi, C., Harris, E., & Atkinson, B. E. (2016). Relationships between age of females and attraction to the Dark Triad personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 200–203.
Rantala, M. J., Moore, F. R., Skrinda, I., Krama, T., Kivleniece, I., Kecko, S., & Krams, I. (2012). Evidence for the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in humans. Nature Communications, 3, 694.
Ryder, H., Maltby, J., Rai, L., Jones, P., & Flowe, H. (2016). Women’s fear of crime and preference for formidable mates: how specific are the underlying psychological mechanisms? Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(4), 293–302.
Sacco, D. F., Brown, M., Lustgraaf, C. J., & Young, S. G. (2017). Women’s dangerous world beliefs predict more accurate discrimination of affiliative facial cues. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 11(4), 309–315.
Sacco, D. F., Lustgraaf, C. N. J., Brown, M., & Young, S. G. (2015). Activation of self-protection threat increases women’s preferences for dominance in male faces. Human Ethology Bulletin, 30, 24–32.
Semenyna, S. W., & Honey, P. L. (2015). Dominance styles mediate sex differences in Dark Triad traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 37–43.
Shiramizu, V. K. M., Kozma, L., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2019). Are dark triad cues really visible in faces? Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 214–216.
Snyder, J., Fessler, D., Tiokhin, L., Frederick, D., Lee, S., & Navarrete, C. (2011). Trade-offs in a dangerous world: women’s fear of crime predicts preferences for aggressive and formidable mates. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(2), 127–137.
Tetreault, C., Bates, E. A., & Bolam, L. T. (2018). How dark personalities perpetrate partner and general aggression in Sweden and the United Kingdom. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260518793992.
Tiddeman, B., Burt, M., & Perrett, D. (2001). Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(5), 42–50.
Westhead, J., & Egan, V. (2015). Untangling the concurrent influences of the Dark Triad, personality and mating effort on violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 222–226.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Nick Holtzman for creating the baseline morphs and Indrikis Krams for providing the faces that we used in the study. Special thanks also to Ula Marcinkowska for developing the morphs constructing the faces on PsychoMorph.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Solomon, E., Lyons, M. Not My Protector—Women Have an Aversion to High Dark Triad Faces Irrespective of Childhood or Current Environmental Danger. Evolutionary Psychological Science 6, 241–245 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-020-00230-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-020-00230-4