Skip to main content
Log in

Seeking a New Role: Japan’s Middle East Policy under Shinzo Abe

  • Published:
East Asia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With his frequent travels to the Middle East, more than all other Japanese leaders in the past, Shinzo Abe had been destined to ineluctably play a distinctive role in redefining his country’s foreign policy approach toward the region. Essentially, when Abe returned to power for a second time in late 2012, he succeeded to subsequently establish a relatively stable and long-term government which strived to critically reappraise some highly contentious elements of Japan’s internal and external policies. Reassessing Japan’s conventional low-profile orientation to the Middle East was particularly a major objective of the Abe government because the region had turned out to be closely and dubiously connected to some pivotal political and security reforms which Abe had long pursued to achieve domestically. By primarily doubling down Japan’s political engagement in different parts of the Middle East, therefore, Abe took advantage of what his country had capitalized in the region in more recent times to especially accelerate the accomplishment of some other political and security he favored ardently.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abe, S. (2006). Utsukushii kuni he [Towards a Beautiful Country]. Tokyo: Bunshun Shinsho.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ahram Online. (2016). Japanese Companies to Invest in Egyptian Projects Worth $18 Bln. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/3/189911/Business/Japanese-companies-to-invest-in-Egyptian-projects-.aspx. Accessed 18 December 2016.

  3. Anadolu Agency. (2015). Turkey Eyes Trade Boost as Erdogan Heads to Japan. http://aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkey-eyes-trade-boost-as-erdogan-heads-to-japan/433712. Accessed 19 June 2017.

  4. Arab News. (2015). Saudi–Japan Trade Relationship Represents Friendship Model. http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/765091. Accessed 26 August 2016.

  5. Asahi Shimbun. (2015). Nihon ga chūtō de dekiru koto ha nani ka [What Does Japan Can Do in the Middle East]. http://webronza.asahi.com/politics/articles/2015020200002.html. Accessed 5 May 2016.

  6. Asahi Shimbun. (2016). Citizens Group Investigates Japan’s Backing of the Iraq War. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201607070039.html. Accessed 24 March 2016.

  7. Asahi Shimbun. (2016). Japan to Take 150 Syrians with Eye on Efforts to Rebuild Nation. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201605190038.html. Accessed 1 November 2016.

  8. Asahi Shimbun. (2017). Iraku hokubu ni nihon ryōji jimusho [Japanese Consular Office in Northern Iraq]. http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASK1D366XK1DUHBI00P.html. Accessed 12 April 2017.

  9. Asahi Shimbun. (2017). Syrian Refugees Invited to Japan Set to Total 300 through 2021. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201702030063.html. Accessed 21 July 2016.

  10. Asahi Shimbun. (2017). Abe: Japan will Reject Trump’s Calls to Join War on Islamic State. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201701250056.html. Accessed 9 September 2017.

  11. Asia Times. (2003). Americans Stymie JapanIran Oil Deal. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EG04Ak01.html. Accessed 13 August 2016.

  12. Azad, S. (2008). Japan’s Gulf Policy and Response to the Iraq War. Middle East Review of International Affairs 12 (2), 52–64.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brown, E. (1993). Fire on the Other Side of the River: Japan and the Persian Gulf War. In Robert O. Freedman (Ed.), The Middle East after Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait (pp. 137–165). Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Calabrese, J. (1990). Japan in the Middle East. The Pacific Review 3 (2), 100–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Davidson, C.M. (2010). The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia: From Indifference to Interdependence. London: Hurst & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dowty, A. (2000). Japan and the Middle East: Signs of Change? Middle East Review of International Affairs 4 (4), 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  17. East Asia Forum. (2015). How Abe Used the IS Hostage Crisis to Push Security Reform. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/04/07/how-abe-used-the-is-hostage-crisis-to-push-security-reform/. Accessed 6 February 2017.

  18. Economist. (2007). Abe Blows Japan’s Trumpet, Cautiously. http://www.economist.com/node/9116791. Accessed 18 July 2014.

  19. Ehrhardt, G. (2007). Japan between the United States and the Middle East. In Jack Covarrubias and Tom Lansford (Eds.), Strategic Interests in the Middle East: Opposition and Support for US Foreign Policy (97–113). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hart, G. (2004). The Fourth Power: A Grand Strategy for the United States in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hayes, L.D. (2001). Japan and the Security of Asia. Lanham, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hein, P. (2016). Leadership and Nationalism: Assessing Shinzo Abe. In Jeff Kingston (Ed.), Asian Nationalisms Reconsidered (pp. 83–91). Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hilton, M. (1996). Restrained Trade: Cartels in Japan’s Basic Materials Industries. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Huffington Post. (2016). ‘Time for Japan to Get more Involved in the Middle East,’ Says MP Taro Kono. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/faisal-abbas/time-for-japan-to-get-mor_b_11839140.html. Accessed 20 June 2017.

  25. Hughes, C.W. (2016). Japan’s ‘Resentful Realism’ and Balancing China’s Rise. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 9 (2), 109–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hunsberger, W.S. (1997). Japan’s International Role, Past, Present, and Prospective. In Warren S. Hunsberger (Ed.), Japan’s Quest: The Search for International Role, Recognition, and Respect (206–224). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ikeuchi, S. (2009). Chūtō kiki no shingen wo yomu [Reading the Epicenter of Middle East Crisis]. Tokyo: Shinchosha.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Iran Focus. (2012). Japan Bank Freezes Iran Accounts after Court Order. http://iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25189:japan-bank-freezes-iran-accounts-after-court-order&catid=4&Itemid=109. Accessed 10 June 2014.

  29. Japan Focus. (2006). Oil and Power: The Rise and Fall of the JapanIran Partnership in Azadegan. http://apjjf.org/-Michael-Penn/2296/article.html. Accessed 21 July 2016.

  30. Japan Times. (2003). Iran Seeks Japan’s Help in Resolving Nuclear Issue. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/11/15/national/iran-seeks-japans-help-in-resolving-nuclear-issue/. Accessed 13 June 2017.

  31. Japan Times. (2004). Bolton Downplays Disagreement over Japan–Iran Oil Deal. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/02/20/national/bolton-downplays-disagreement-over-japan-iran-oil-deal/. Accessed 15 April 2016.

  32. Japan Times. (2013). Japan, Turkey Ink $22 Billion Nuclear Plant Deal. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/04/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-turkey-clinch-nuclear-energy-deal/. Accessed 16 April 2016.

  33. Japan Times. (2014). Japan, Israel to Boost Defense Cooperation. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/12/national/japan-israel-to-boost-defense-cooperation/#.WUpMUzf7L4Y. Accessed 19 March 2016.

  34. Japan Times. (2015). Five Ex-Prime Ministers Rap Abe over His Push for Security Bills. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/13/national/politics-diplomacy/five-ex-prime-ministers-rap-abe-push-security-bills/. Accessed 18 November 2016.

  35. Japan Times. (2015). Japan to Boost SDF Staff at Its Middle East Embassies. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/02/04/national/japan-to-boost-sdf-staff-at-its-middle-east-embassies/. Accessed 12 March 2016.

  36. Japan Times. (2015). Abe Forced to Walk a Fine Line in Oil-rich Middle East. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/22/national/politics-diplomacy/abe-forced-to-walk-a-fine-line-in-oil-rich-middle-east/. Accessed 16 March 2016.

  37. Japan Times. (2016). Japan to Take in 150 Syrians as Exchange Students after Criticism of Harsh Refugee Policy. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/20/national/japan-take-150-syrians-exchange-students-criticism-harsh-refugee-policy/. Accessed 3 March 2017.

  38. Jordan Times. (2015). Japan PM Due in Jordan Next Week. http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/japan-pm-due-jordan-next-week%E2%80%99. Accessed 13 January 2016.

  39. Komei Shimbun. (2015). Chūtō no nanmin shien susumeyo [Let’s Support Middle East Refugees]. https://www.komei.or.jp/news/detail/20151210_18710. Accessed 7 October 2016.

  40. Korea Times (2015). Abe Tries to Fill Korea’s Vacuum in Middle East. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/02/180_173326.html. Accessed 8 July 2016.

  41. Kyodo. (2002). Israel Counterterrorism Mission to Visit Japan Early June. URL not accessible.

  42. Kyodo. (2012). Japan, Turkey Agree to Study FTA Prospects. URL not accessible.

  43. Kyodo. (2013). Japan, Qatar to Discuss Investment Pact, Infrastructure Cooperation. URL not accessible.

  44. Kyodo. (2013). Abe Reaches Deal with Bahrain on GCC Talks. URL not accessible.

  45. Kyodo. (2015). Abe Meets Iran Counterpart on U.N. Sidelines, Urges Tehran toward Nuclear Deal with Prospect of Japanese Investment. URL not accessible.

  46. Kyodo. (2015). Abe, Netanyahu Meet in Israel, Agree on Anti-terrorism Cooperation. URL not accessible.

  47. Kyodo. (2015). Abe Pledges $1.5 Billion in Middle East Aid, Balks at Opening Door to Refugees. URL not accessible.

  48. Kyodo. (2016). Abe Eyes Visiting Iran in August. URL not accessible.

  49. Mainichi Daily News. (2004). Japan, Iran Sign Huge Oilfield Deal Despite US Opposition. URL not accessible.

  50. Mainichi Shimbun. (2015). Nihon to toruko 125-nen no yūjō [125 Years of Friendship between Japan and Turkey]. http://mainichi.jp/sc/kainan/. Accessed 13 April 2016.

  51. Mainichi Shimbun. (2015). Isuraeru no iryō gijutsu ga nerai kōreika nihon [Israeli Medical Technology Aims at Aging Japan]. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20150402/mog/00m/030/013000c. Accessed 16 March 2016.

  52. Mainichi Shimbun. (2016). Nihon no tero taisaku [Japan’s Counter-terror Measures]. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160108/ddm/004/070/018000c. Accessed 16 March 2016.

  53. Mainichi Shimbun. (2016). Nihon wa chūtō de sansen suru no ka [Will Japan Compete in the Middle East]. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160606/ddl/k23/070/087000c. Accessed 19 March 2017.

  54. Mark, C. (2016). The Abe Restoration: Contemporary Japanese Politics and Reformation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Maslow, S. (2015). A Blueprint for a Strong Japan? Abe Shinzo and Japan’s Evolving Security System. Asian Survey 55 (4), 739–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Mehr News Agency. (2016). Iranian Professor Conferred Japanese Order of Honor. http://en.mehrnews.com/news/121060/Iranian-professor-conferred-Japanese-order-of-honor. Accessed 12 July 2016.

  57. Mehr News Agency. (2016). Japan to Open $10bn Credit Line for Iran. http://en.mehrnews.com/news/114184/Japan-to-open-10bn-credit-line-for-Iran. Accessed 12 March 2016.

  58. Mehr News Agency. (2016). Iran’s Crude Exports to Japan Doubles. http://en.mehrnews.com/news/122270/Iran-s-crude-exports-to-Japan-doubles. Accessed 7 April 2016.

  59. Ministry of Defense. (2007). Defense of Japan 2007. Tokyo: Ministry of Defense, Annual White Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  60. New York Times. (2014). Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Fined again by Lawsky. https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/lawsky-fines-bank-of-tokyo-mitsubishi-ufj-another-315-million/. Accessed 11 April 2016.

  61. New York Times. (2016). Ethnic Kurds Find Haven, But no Home, in Insular Japan. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/world/asia/japan-kurds-refugees.html. Accessed 14 April 2016.

  62. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. (2015). Isuraeru no ‘hassō’ to korabo shi inobēshon [Collaboration and Innovation with Israeli ‘Thought’]. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXKZO95205880W5A211C1X12000/. Accessed 15 September 2016.

  63. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. (2016).Chūtō kinchō, nayameru nihon Iran.Sauji no baransu fushin [Middle East Tension Troubles Japan’s Iran–Saudi Balance Mindset]. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASFS10H0F_Q6A110C1PE8000/. Accessed 11 March 2017.

  64. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. (2016). Sauji, amerika to kankei akka de nihon kigyō ni katsuro [Amid Deterioration of Saudi–American Relationship, Japanese Corporations Become a Means of Escape]. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDC14H01_U6A011C1EA2000/. Accessed 13 December 2016.

  65. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. (2016). Ejiputo daitōryō, 28-nichi kara rainichi [Egypt President Visits Japan from 28th]. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASFS16H2Q_W6A210C1PP8000/. Accessed 21 March 2017.

  66. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. (2017). Sauji kokuō, 3 tsuki rainichi e 46-nen-buri datsu sekiyu, nihon ni kyōryoku yōsei [Saudi King’s March Visit to Japan First in 46 Years, Seeking Japanese Help to Get Rid of Oil]. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKASGM25H7Q_V20C17A1MM8000/. Accessed 19 February 2017.

  67. Nikiforuk, A. (2012). The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the New Servitude. Vancouver: Greystone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Nikkei Asian Review. (2014) Japan Plans Exports of Nuclear Tech to Middle East. http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Japan-plans-exports-of-nuclear-tech-to-Middle-East. Accessed 23 April 2016.

  69. Nikkei Asian Review. (2014). Japan Expects 70% of Its LNG to Come from North America, Australia by 2020. http://asia.nikkei.com/Markets/Commodities/Japan-expects-70-of-its-LNG-to-come-from-North-America-Australia-by-2020. Accessed 7 March 2017.

  70. Nikkei Asian Review. (2014). Japan–Africa Summit to be Held Every 3 Years, Down from 5. http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Japan-Africa-summit-to-be-held-every-3-years-down-from-5. Accessed 16 March 2016.

  71. Nikkei Asian Review. (2015). Islamic State Blindsides Abe during Mideast Visit. http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Islamic-State-blindsides-Abe-during-Mideast-visit. Accessed 23 March 2017.

  72. Nikkei Asian Review. (2016). Saudi Prince Wants Japan’s Help in Kicking Oil Habit. http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Saudi-prince-wants-Japan-s-help-in-kicking-oil-habit. Accessed 21 May 2017.

  73. Nikkei Asian Review. (2017). Japan’s Steelmakers Target Middle East, North Africa. http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Japan-s-steelmakers-target-Middle-East-North-Africa. Accessed 7 August 2016.

  74. North Africa Post. (2016). Morocco, Japan’s Gateway for Investing in Africa. http://northafricapost.com/13836-morocco-japans-gateway-investing-africa.html. Accessed 11 July 2016.

  75. Ōnishi, M. (2000). Iran keizai wo kaibō suru [Scrutinizing Iranian Economy]. Tokyo: JETRO.

  76. Oros, A. (2017). Japan’s Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-first Century. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  77. Penn, M. (2014). Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US–Japanese Alliance. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Press TV. (2015). Iran Painter Awarded Japan Order of the Rising Sun. http://www.presstv.ir/DetailFa/2015/11/03/436133/Iran-Parivash-Ganji-Japan. Accessed 21 April 2016.

  79. Press TV. (2015). Iran Wants Japan Back in Energy Projects. http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2015/08/09/423951/Iran-Wants-Japan-Back-In-Energy-Projects. Accessed 11 April 2016.

  80. Reuters. (2015). Japan’s Abe Pledges Support for Mideast Countries Battling Islamic State. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-japam-idUKKBN0KQ07Q20150117. Accessed 13 April 2017.

  81. Reuters. (2015). PM Abe’s Approval Ratings Rise in Japan after Hostage Crisis. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-politics-abe-idUSKBN0LC05N20150208. Accessed 2 March 2017.

  82. Reuters. (2016). Japan, Israel Upgrade Relations as Arab Oil Influence Wanes. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-japan-tech-idUSKCN11B11I. Accessed 7 July 2016.

  83. Reuters. (2017). Japan Approves $100 Million Iraq Loan. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-japan-idUSKBN15M19A. Accessed 11 April 2016.

  84. Rudaw. (2015). Japan to Open Representative Office in Erbil Next Year. http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/161120156. Accessed 11 April 2016.

  85. Rudaw. (2017). PM Barzani Thanks Japan for Loan Support as It Opens Consulate in Erbil. http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/110120175. Accessed 12 April 2017.

  86. Terebi Asahi. (2016).Nihon ga tayoru sauji to Iran dankō de genyu kakaku ni eikyō wa [Japanese Stake in Saudi–Iranian Severing Relations Influences the Price of Crude Oil]. http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_economy/articles/000065682.html. Accessed 13 June 2016.

  87. The Diplomat. (2015). Could Japan Go Minesweeping in the Strait of Hormuz? http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/could-japan-go-minesweeping-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/. Accessed 10 June 2016.

  88. The Guardian. (2015). Japan Says It Must Look after Its own before Allowing in Syrian Refugees. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/30/japan-says-it-must-look-after-its-own-before-allowing-syrian-refugees-in. Accessed 16 March 2017.

  89. The National. (2017). Japan’s Abe to Speak in Dubai on Sunday. http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/japans-abe-to-speak-in-dubai-on-sunday. Accessed 11 June 2017.

  90. Wall Street Journal. (2011). Japan Imposes New Iran Sanctions. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203501304577087183253856636. Accessed 3 June 2017.

  91. Wall Street Journal. (2014). Abe and Bibi Share Tough Line on Their Neighbors. https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/05/12/abe-and-bibi-share-tough-line-on-their-neighbors/. Accessed 5 November 2016.

  92. Woolley, P.J. (2000). Japan’s Navy: Politics and Paradox, 19712000. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  93. World Food Programme. (2017). Libya: WFP Welcomes Japan Contribution for Emergency Food Assistance in Libya. https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/wfp-welcomes-japan-contribution-emergency-food-assistance-libya. Accessed 11 March 2017.

  94. World Nuclear News. (2015). Erdoğan Approves Turkey–Japan Nuclear Agreement. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Erdogan-approves-Turkey-Japan-nuclear-agreement-1041501.html. Accessed 23 April 2016.

  95. Worringer, R. (Ed.). (2007). The Islamic Middle East and Japan: Perceptions, Aspirations, and the Birth of Intra-Asian Modernity. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Yamauchi, M. (2003). Sensō to gaikō: Iraku, amerika, nihon [War and Diplomacy: Iraq, United States, Japan]. Daiamondosha.

  97. Yomiuri Shimbun Seijibu. (2006). Gaikō wo kenka ni shita otoko: Koizumi gaikō 2000 nichi no shinjitsu [The Man Who Made Diplomacy a Fall-out: The Truth of 2000 Days of Koizumi Diplomacy]. Tokyo: Shinchōsha.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shirzad Azad.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azad, S. Seeking a New Role: Japan’s Middle East Policy under Shinzo Abe. East Asia 34, 287–305 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-017-9277-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-017-9277-y

Keywords

Navigation