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Proactive Policing: a Summary of the Report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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Abstract

This paper provides a summary of our report for the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on proactive policing. We find that there is sufficient scientific evidence to support the adoption of many proactive policing practices if the primary goal is to reduce crime, though the evidence base generally does not provide long-term or jurisdictional estimates. In turn, we conclude that crime prevention outcomes can often be obtained without producing negative community reactions. However, the most effective proactive policing strategies do not appear to have strong positive impacts on citizen perceptions of the police. At the same time, some community-based strategies have begun to show evidence of improving the relations between the police and public. We conclude that there are likely to be large racial disparities in the volume and nature of police–citizen encounters when police target high-risk people or high-risk places, as is common in many proactive policing programs. We could not conclude whether such disparities are due to statistical prediction, racial animus, implicit bias, or other causes.

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Notes

  1. That figure declined to 191,851 SQF incidents in 2013, and further declined to 22,565 SQF stops in 2015, as a result of court challenges and a changing political environment. See http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data [May 2017].

  2. The conclusions are numbered according to the chapters of the committee’s report in which they were developed (see National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018).

  3. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Braga et al. (2014b), Clarke and Weisburd (1994), Ferguson (2012, 2015), Gerell (2016), Gill and Spriggs (2005), Goldstein (1990), Gorr and Lee (2015), Hunt et al. (2014), Johnson et al. (2009), Kennedy et al. (2011), Koper (1995), La Vigne et al. (2011), McLean et al. (2013), Mohler et al. (2015), National Research Council (2004), Perry et al. (2013), Piza et al. (2014, 2015), Ratcliffe et al. (2009, 2011), Rosenbaum (2006), Santos (2014), Sherman and Eck (2002), Sherman and Weisburd (1995), Sorg et al. (2013), Weisburd and Eck (2004), Weisburd and Green (1995), Weisburd (2016), Weisburd et al. (2017), and Welsh and Farrington (2008).

  4. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Braga and Bond (2008), Braga et al. (1999), Cook and MacDonald (2011), Desmond and Valdez (2013), Eck and Spelman (1987), Eck and Wartell (1998), National Research Council (2004), Mazerolle et al. (2000), Taylor et al. (2011), and Weisburd et al. (2010).

  5. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Berk (2005), Braga et al. (2001, 2013, 2014a, 2018), Braga and Weisburd (2014), Corsaro et al. (2012), Fagan (2002), Groff et al. (2015), Koper and Mayo-Wilson (2006, 2012), Ludwig (2005), McGarrell et al. (2001), National Research Council (2004, 2005), Papachristos et al. (2007), Piehl et al. (2003), Ratcliffe et al. (2011), Rosenfeld et al. (2005, 2014), Rosenfeld and Fornango (2014), Saunders et al. (2015), Sherman et al. (1995), Smith and Purtell (2008), Wallace et al. (2016), Weisburd et al. (2014, 2016), and Wooditch and Weisburd (2016).

  6. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Augustyn (2015), Bennett (1990), Bottoms and Tankebe (2012), Braga et al. (2015), Cahill et al. (2008), Cavanagh and Cauffman (2015), Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium (1995), Connell et al. (2008), Cook (2015), Corman and Mocan (2005), Fagan and Davies (2003), Fagan and Piquero (2007), Giacomazzi (1995), Gill et al. (2014), Harcourt and Ludwig (2005), Hinds (2007), Jackson et al. (2012), Kelling and Sousa (2001), Koper et al. (2010, 2016), Lindsay and McGillis (1986), MacQueen and Bradford (2015), Mazerolle et al. (2012, 2013a), Nagin and Telep (2017), National Research Council (2004), Owens et al. (2016), Pate et al. (1985a, 1987), Pate and Skogan (1985), Paternoster et al. (1997), Reisig et al. (2007), Robertson et al. (2014), Rosenbaum and Lawrence (2013), Rosenfeld et al. (2007), Sahin et al. (2016), Sherman (1997), Sherman and Eck (2002), Skogan et al. (2015), Tuffin et al. (2006), Tyler et al. (2010), Wallace et al. (2016), Weisburd et al. (2015b), Wheller et al. (2013), Wilson and Kelling (1982), Wolfe et al. (2016), Worden and McLean (2014), and Wycoff et al. (1985).

  7. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Armitage and Monchuk (2011), Baker and Wolfer (2003), Bond and Gow (1995), Braga (2010), Braga and Bond (2009), Braga et al. (2014a), Braga and Weisburd (2006), Brandl et al. (1994), Breen (1997), Brunson (2007), Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium (1995), Clancy et al. (2001), Colgate-Love et al. (2013), Collins et al. (1999), Desmond et al. (2016), Desmond and Valdez (2013), Epp et al. (2014), Fratello et al. (2013), Gau and Brunson (2010), Giacomazzi et al. (1998), Gill et al. (2014), Graziano et al. (2014), Hinkle and Weisburd (2008), Jesilow et al. (1998), Kochel and Weisburd (2017), Langton and Durose (2013b), Miller et al. (2000), Miller and D’Souza (2016), National Research Council (2004), Pate et al. (1986), Ratcliffe et al. (2015), Rosenbaum et al. (2005), Segrave and Collins (2004), Shaw (1995), Skogan (1994, 2009), Skogan and Hartnett (1997), Skogan and Steiner (2004), Tuffin et al. (2006), Tyler et al. (2014), Weisburd et al. 2008, 2010, 2011, 2015a), Weitzer and Tuch (2002), Worden and McLean (2017), and Wycoff and Skogan (1993).

  8. Studies reviewed for drawing conclusions include Abuwala and Farole (2008), Baker (2016), Bradford et al. (2014), Brunson and Weitzer (2007), Chang (2015), Cohen-Charash and Spector (2001), Colquitt et al. (2013), Cordner (2014), De Angelis and Kupchik (2007, 2009)), Dillon and Emery (1996), Donner et al. (2015), Dunford and Devine (1998), Earley and Lind (1987), Farmer et al. (2003), Farole (2007), Gill et al. (2014), Greenberg (1990, 1994), Hinkle and Weisburd (2008), Houlden et al. (1978), Jonathan-Zamir et al. (2015), Kelling (1999), Kim and Mauborgne (1993), Kitzmann and Emery (1994), Kochel (2012), LaTour (1978), Lind et al. (1973, 1978, 1993, 2000), Lowrey et al. (2016), Ma et al. (2014), MacCoun (2005), MacQueen and Bradford (2015), Mastrofski (2015), Mazerolle et al. (2013b), McGarrell et al. (1999), Miller (2001), Nagin and Telep (2017), Pate et al. (1985a, 1985b, 1985c), Owens et al. (2016), President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015), Renauer (2007), Sabath and Carter (2000), Renauer (2007), Rogers (2002), Sahin (2014), Sahin et al. (2016), Sargeant et al. (2013), Scott (2002), Schnebly (2008), Shute et al. (2005), Skogan (2006), Skogan and Hartnett (1997), Slocum et al. (2010), Sunshine and Tyler (2003), Taxman and Gordon (2009), Thibaut et al. (1972, 1974), Thibaut and Walker (1975), Trinkner et al. (2016), Tuffin et al. (2006), Tyler (1988, 2001, 2006), Tyler et al. (2007, 2014), Tyler and Fagan (2008), Tyler and Huo (2002), Tyler and Jackson (2014), Velez (2001), Voigt et al. (2017), Walker et al. (1974), Weisburd et al. 2016, 2011, 2015a), Wemmers (2013), Wemmers et al. (1995), Wheller et al. (2013), Wolfe and Piquero (2011), Worden and McLean (2014, 2016).

  9. Studies reviewed by the committee include Najdowski (2011), Najdowski et al. (2015), O’Flaherty (2015), Sampson and Lauritsen (1997), Terrill and Reisig (2003), and Tonry (1995).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. George Mason University, Fairfax, USA

    David Weisburd, Cynthia Lum & Stephen Mastrofski

  2. Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

    David Weisburd

  3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, USA

    Malay K. Majmundar

  4. The Aden Group, Omaha, USA

    Hassan Aden

  5. Northeastern University, Boston, USA

    Anthony Braga

  6. Police Foundation, Washington, USA

    Jim Bueermann

  7. Duke University, Durham, USA

    Philip J. Cook

  8. Center for Policing Equity, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, USA

    Phillip Atiba Goff

  9. University of Virginia Law School, Charlottesville, USA

    Rachel A. Harmon

  10. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

    Amelia Haviland & Daniel Nagin

  11. Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

    Charles Manski

  12. Yale Law School, New Haven, USA

    Tracey Meares & Tom Tyler

  13. University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA

    Emily Owens

  14. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA

    Steven Raphael

  15. Temple University, Philadelphia, USA

    Jerry Ratcliffe

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  1. David Weisburd
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  2. Malay K. Majmundar
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Correspondence to David Weisburd.

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This article draws heavily from the 2018 report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (“National Academies”), Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities; permission to reprint was granted courtesy of the National Academies Press. David Weisburd chaired the study committee authoring that report, and Malay Majmundar served as study director. This article is authored by the full study committee (Committee on Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime, Communities, and Civil Liberties), the members of which are listed in alphabetical order after the committee chair and the study director. While this article closely follows the report findings, we want to note that it is not a product of the National Academies and does not necessarily represent the positions of the National Academies.

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Weisburd, D., Majmundar, M.K., Aden, H. et al. Proactive Policing: a Summary of the Report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Asian J Criminol 14, 145–177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-019-09284-1

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