A pair of flat parallel surfaces, each freely diffusing along the direction of their separation, will eventually come into contact. If the shapes of these surfaces also fluctuate, then contact will occur when their centers-of-mass remain separated by a nonzero distance $\ell$. An example of such a situation is the motion of interfaces between two phases at conditions of thermodynamic coexistence, and in particular the annihilation of domain wall pairs under periodic boundary conditions. Here we present a general approach to calculate the probability distribution of the contact distance $\ell$ and determine how its most likely value ${\ell }^{*}$ depends on the surfaces' lateral size $L$. Using the Edward-Wilkinson equation as a model for interfaces, we demonstrate that ${\ell }^{*}$ scales weakly with system size, i.e., the dependence of ${\ell }^{*}$ on $L$ for both ($1+1$)- and ($2+1$)-dimensional interfaces is such that ${lim}_{L\to \infty }({\ell }^{*}/L)=0$. In particular, for ($2+1$)-dimensional interfaces ${\ell }^{*}$ is an algebraic function of $logL$, a result that is confirmed by computer simulations of slab-shaped domains formed under periodic boundary conditions. This weak scaling implies that such domains remain topologically intact until $\ell$ becomes very small compared to the lateral size of the interface, contradicting expectations from equilibrium thermodynamics.

• Received 21 August 2020
• Accepted 30 October 2020

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.062801