Striking luminescence phenomena of carbon dots and their applications as a double ratiometric fluorescence probes for H2S detection
Graphical abstract
The schematic diagram of synthesis and application of CDs for H2S detection.
Section snippets
Credit author statement
Yang Xu and Lalit Chudal, Methodology, Synthesis and Characterization; Hongmei Yu and Wei Chen, Conceptualization, Instruction and Writing; Shuping Deng, Xiuhui Zhu, Shaoyan Wang, Funding and Mentoring; Nil Kanatha Pandey, Eric Horacio Amador, Brian Bui, Data analysis and editing; Lingyun Wang and Xuedan Ma, Result evaluation and writing.
Experimental materials
Para-phenylenediamine, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, anhydrous ethanol, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaBr, Na2S, CH3COONa, NaHSO4, NaNO2, Na3PO4, NaHCO3, NaHSO3, Na2SO3, NaF, NaOH, KSCN, and NaCl were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. NaH2PO4 was provided by Tianjin KeMiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All reagents were used as obtained without further purification. The resistivity ≥18.2 MΏ ultra-pure water was used throughout the experiment.
Synthesis of CDs
0.216 g of para-phenylenediamine, 5 mL of PEG 200,
Size, morphology, elemental, and chemical composition of CDs
The TEM images show that CDs are mainly spherical, with an average size of about 0.93 nm (Fig. 1a–c). As shown in Fig. 1d, their sizes are in the range of 0.55–1.35 nm with an acceptable normal distribution. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in Fig. 1e shows the steamed roll-shaped peak at the position of 2θ = 21°, which is equivalent to the characteristics of amorphous carbon. This indicates that the CDs have an amorphous structure with an sp3 hybridization core as described in the
Conclusions
In summary, we investigated the luminescence of CDs as a sensor for H2S detection. The green emission of the CDs is from the extrinsic surface states, the blue emission is from the sulfur-related defects in the intrinsic core structure of CDs, while the UV emission is from the anchoring PEG 200. As Na2S is added to the CDs solution, the UV emission quenched, the green emission at 523 nm increased slightly, while a new emission appeard at 455 nm and increased gradually and linearly with the
Author contributions
H.M. Y, L. Y. W, S. Y. W. and W. C. conceived the project, designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. Y. X. and L. C. N. K. P and E. H. A. completed the experiments. B. B., X. D. M. S. P. D and X. H. Z. helped for data measurements and analysis. All authors discussed and commented on the paper and worked together on the paper writing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the supports from the XingLiao Talent Project Grants (No. XLYC1902076) and the University of Science and Technology Liaoning Talent Project Grants (No. 601010302) as well as the funds from the Open Project of the Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (No. ZJNK2005). We gratefully acknowledge the support from Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co., LTD. WC would like to thank the distinguished award from UA Arlington.
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