ReviewHighly tunable aggregate-induced phosphorescence properties in persulfurated arenes
Section snippets
History and overview
Persulfurated aromatic molecules, whose aromatic rings are persubstituted with sulfur ligands (Fig. 1), are intriguing both in chemical structure and in related properties [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]. Literatures mentioning synthesis routes of persulfurated aromatic molecules were frequently reported. In 1956, the first study of the "sulfhydryl" group in hexachlorobenzene and pyridine showed that the reaction was easy to occur [8]. In 1959, a paper entitled "Reaction of
Persulfurated arenes with the same substituents
In the long history of persulfurated arenes, the form of sodium thiophenol intermediates occupies a dominant position [26]. These intermediates can then undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with polyfluorobenzene, polychlorobenzene or polybrominated benzene, etc. To generate the target products (Fig. 2) [[19], [20], [21],25,27].
However, at the beginning phase, the synthesis did not run smoothly, when two substrates were simply mixed in pyridine or ethanol. With this rough reaction
Aggregation-induce phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is always the desirable because of its unique photophysical processes and promising applications, such as sensors, bioimaging, photovoltaic devices, etc. [15] AIE materials are expected a rosy prospect on the fields of optical imaging [34], biological probes [35], cancer phototheranostics [36], etc. Fluorescence contributes greatly to the investigations of AIE materials. A new branch, aggregation-induced phosphorescence (AIP), however, has been paid less attention and greatly
Fluorescence–phosphorescence complex emission
Complex emission of phosphorescence and fluorescence in organic molecules was first reported by Fraser and coworkers, and soon became a burgeoning topic among the research community [40,44,45]. Behind the craze was their promising value among applications like smart materials [20], organic light-emitting diodes [46], safety protection [47] and etc. [27,48] Even though the complex emission owns such pleasant features mentioned above, the manipulation between fluorescence and phosphorescence
Summary
Even though solid history stands behind persulfurated arenes, they were delved very recently after discovering the aggregation-induced phosphorescence (AIP) property. Besides the rich history, design principles are key factors to understand the specialties and offer guidance into utilization. If synthesis is regarded as the beacon light, then special property of its derivatives is the central tower. Amazing feature of aggregation-induced phosphorescence broadens its applications. We here focus
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by 2019 NSFC (21975046), and partially by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0207700).
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