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Poultry by-product meal as a replacement to xylose-treated soybean meal in diet of early- to mid-lactation Holstein cows

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Abstract

The objectives were to compare the effectiveness of poultry by-product meal (PBM) with xylose-treated soybean meal (x-SBM) as a conventional protein source and rumen-undegraded protein (RUP):rumen-degraded protein (RDP) ratio on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and production of early- to mid-lactation Holsteins. Twelve multiparous cows averaging (mean ± SD) 50 ± 9 days in milk were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period was 28 days in length. Treatments were RUP sources (PBM or x-SBM) with either a high or a low RUP:RDP ratio (high ratio = 40:60 or low ratio = 36:64; based on % of crude protein (CP)). Experimental diets were balanced to be similar in protein and energy contents (CP = 16.7% of DM; NEL = 1.67 Mcal/kg DM). Prior to diet formulation, an in situ pilot experiment was conducted to estimate the RUP fractions of x-SBM and PBM as 63.9% and 54.1% of CP, respectively. Treatments had no effect on ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and molar percentage of individual VFAs. Treatments had no effect on total tract apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), with the exception of N that was greater in diets with a low RUP:RDP ratio (68.2 vs. 70.1% of DM). DM consumption was 0.70 kg/day higher when cows were fed PBM diet compared with x-SBM diet. No treatment effect was observed on milk yield and milk composition; however, milk protein yield and milk urea N were greater in cows fed PBM. Inclusion of PBM in the diet in substitution to x-SBM resulted in increased blood levels of urea N, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). There was no interaction between the RUP source and the RUP:RDP ratio for urinary and fecal N excretion. Efficiency of N utilization expressed as milk N secretion as a proportion of N intake tended to be greater in cows fed PBM. Feeding diets with a low ratio of RUP:RDP increased efficiency of milk production expressed as milk yield as a proportion of total N excretion (fecal and urinary N). Feeding a diet with PBM supported milk production comparable with x-SBM and had positive effects on feed intake, milk protein yield, and milk N efficiency.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Azizollah Bakhtari and Farzad Hashemzadeh-Cigari of Isfahan University of Technology (Isfahan, Iran) for their assistance and comments on the statistical analysis of the data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

    F. Abdollahzadeh

  2. Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk, South Korea

    F. Ahmadi

  3. Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    M. Khani

  4. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran

    M. Mirzaei

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  1. F. Abdollahzadeh
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Correspondence to M. Khani.

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The Iranian Council of Animal Care (1995) approved the study protocol, and cows were managed in compliance with its guidelines and policies.

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Abdollahzadeh, F., Ahmadi, F., Khani, M. et al. Poultry by-product meal as a replacement to xylose-treated soybean meal in diet of early- to mid-lactation Holstein cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 53, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02454-9

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