Abstract

In this recent study, we shall investigate the wormhole models with a Hu–Sawicki model in the framework of gravity. Spherically static symmetric space-time is considered to construct wormhole models with the anisotropic fluid distribution. The traceless matter is discussed by imposing a particular equation of state. To address the important conditions of the shape function of the wormhole geometry, we have used the particular values of the involved parameters. Furthermore, different energy conditions are discussed to check the nature of matter against two specific models. The null energy condition is observed to be violated for both of the models. It is mentioned that our inquired results are acceptable.

1. Introduction

In modern cosmology, considerable independent high-precision observational data have confirmed with startling evidence that our universe is in the accelerating phase [1–5]; this is due to several astronomical probes, such as Ia supernova [6, 7], cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) [8, 9], and large structure [10]. This phenomenon led to the breakdown of Einstein’s theory of relativity; it is regarded as an outstanding critical riddle of contemporary physics and becomes the focus of interest for researchers. In this regard, to incorporate this issue, different proposals have appeared which can be grouped into two classes. First, the cosmological constant has been introduced in the field equation [11–14]; second, the approach is to modify the gravitational part of the action by including some extra degree of freedom there. To deal with this problem, several efforts from researchers provided a group of extended theories of gravity [15–25].

After the formulation of general relativity, the theory is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for mysterious dark energy to exploring the accelerated expansion aspect of the cosmos; for cosmological importance, the model is used by replacing the Ricci scalar with an arbitrary function of Ricci scalar, i.e., , in the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian function. This theory has been widely used in the literature. Nojiri and Odintsov [26, 27] have explored the accelerated expansion of the universe by introducing the term , which is essential at small curvature. Feng [28] reconstructed the theory from Ricci dark energy, and Felice and Tsujikawa [15] presented several ways to distinguish the several forms of theory from general relativity. Harko et al. [29] provided a more generic form of extended gravity by plugging an extra term of matter. Rahaman and his co-authors [30] have tried to calculate the exact wormhole solutions in gravity in the framework of noncommutative geometry source. In another paper, Harko et al. [31] have calculated some solutions for wormholes in extended . Pavlovic and Sossich [32] have carried out a wormhole study by employing different models of without considering the exotic matter. Bronnikov [33] has explored the wormhole models in two different theories (scalar tensor theory and gravity). Saiedi and Nasr Esfahani [34] have discussed the null and weak energy bounds in the background of wormhole gravity. Hochberg et al. [35] have presented wormhole and calculated the appropriate field equations. Furthermore, Kuhfittig [36] discussed noncommutative geometry to investigate the distinct forms of function by taking different shape functions in theory.

A wormhole is a topological passage, which links two discrete chunks of the same or diverse universes through a shortcut way, which is called a channel or bridge. The discussion on wormhole geometry is a hot topic among researchers in the different modified theories of gravity. In 1916, Flamm [37] expressed the notion of wormholes for the first time. After that, in 1935, Einstein and Rosen [38] explored wormhole mathematics. They acquired wormhole solutions, which are known as Lorentzian wormhole. In classical general relativity, the existence of wormholes involves the exotic matter, which requires a stress-energy tensor that violated the null energy condition . Much interest has been provoked in the existence and construction of wormhole solutions in modified gravity theory. Capozziello et al. [39–41] examined the energy condition for modified theories of gravity and developed a generic scheme for such conditions. In the literature, many researchers studied the actuality of wormhole solutions by using different kinds of exotic matter in the context of different modified theories and also tested their stability [42–45]. Recently, Mustafa et al. [46] found the stable wormhole solutions for the exponential gravity model in the gravity. Samanta and Godani [47] analyze the traversable wormhole solutions with exponential shape function in modified gravity. Most recently, Farasat Shammir and Ahmad [48] have calculated the new equation of motion offering test particle in the equatorial plane around a wormhole geometry in the framework of general relativistic Poynting–Robertson effect. Falco et al. [49] have calculated some feasible regions for the existence of traversable wormhole in modified gravity. Numerous authors [50, 51] have constructed wormholes by including different types of exotic matter such as quantum scalar field models, noncommutative geometry, and electromagnetic field.

The plan of this recent study is as follows: In Section 2, we shall calculate the basics of gravity with the Hu–Sawicki model. The next section is dedicated to discussing the energy conditions and traceless matter for wormhole solutions. In the same section, we shall present our acquired solution graphical analysis against the different physical properties of shape function. In Section 4, we shall choose two different kinds of specific shape functions; both are based on special functions to discuss the physical nature of matter through energy conditions. An outlook of this work performed is presented in the last section.

2. Gravity

A modified action for gravity iswhere and represents the function of the Ricci scalar and the matter term of the action, respectively. In this work, we assumed that . On variation of the above action, we have the following actual system of equations:

The trace of energy momentum tensor is calculated aswhere , , and are defined as the d’Alembert operator, covariant derivative operator, and the derivative with respect to , respectively in the above two lines. By using equation (3) in equation (2), the following expression can be obtained:where represents the effective stress-energy tensor and is calculated as

The anisotropic fluid distribution is given aswhere mentions the 4-velocity vector with

The space-time for a wormhole geometry is defined aswhere and represent the red-shift function and shape function, respectively. The expression provides the remaining coordinate quantities. The shape function must satisfy the following conditions: (i) , (ii) , and (iii) . The last one condition is known as flaring-out condition.

By using (6) and (8) in (4), the following expressions are calculated for the energy density and pressure components:wherewith

The Hu–Sawicki model [52], which fulfills the cosmological and local gravity conditions, was proposed by Hu and Sawicki and is given aswhere , and are the dimensionless positive parameter. This model has passed all the local tests, and it is a viable gravity model.

By utilizing equations (12)–(15) in equations (9)–(11), we have the following modified field equations:where

3. Wormhole Solutions

In this current section, we shall discuss the energy conditions and develop a new technique to explore the wormhole construction.

3.1. Energy Conditions

The null, weak, strong, and dominant energy conditions are considered main energy conditions in the background of gravity. These energy conditions are defined as

In the above relation, mentions the null vector and represents the timelike vector. The following energy conditions with respect to principal pressure are calculated:

The above conditions can be written as

Theses energy conditions are satisfied by the normal matter because of its positive density and positive pressure. Einstein’s field theory shows that wormholes have required exotic matter. To explore the wormhole construction, we shall check the behavior of the energy conditions, specially and . The violation is the important requirement for the existence of wormhole construction.

3.2. Traceless Matter for the Hu–Sawicki Model

Now, we shall discuss the traceless matter [53–55], for the Hu–Sawicki model for gravity. A special form of equation of state (EoS) for traceless matter is defined asBy using equations (16)–(18) in equation (23), we obtain a nonlinear differential equation, which is calculated as

Equation (24) is a nonlinear differential equation, and we solve it numerically with the following initial conditions: .

3.3. Discussion

In this section, we shall discuss the physical analysis of our acquired results. To improve the real impact of the current study, we have tried to provide a graphical analysis of the intrinsic properties of shape function and energy conditions under particular values of involved parameters. In the Hu–Sawicki model, the parameter has an important role in our study. The different values of parameter between zero and one provide different results, which are seen in Figures 1–5. However, the other parameter does not change the results. Therefore, we have chosen only one value for , i.e., km for the current study. In this study, there is another parameter involved. We have taken a very small value of parameter , i.e., . The left part of Figure 1 shows the graphical behavior of the shape function, i.e., . It is observed to be positive and increasing, which describes the realistic nature of wormhole geometry under the Hu–Sawicki model. The flaring-out condition, i.e., the derivative of the shape function concerning radial coordinate at , can be revealed as less than one, which can be confirmed from Figure 1. It is checked from Figure 2 that the expression gives the values of , which shows the wormhole throat location for the distinct values of parameter , which are approximately observed at , and , for , , , , and , respectively. Figure 2 provides the graphical analysis of as , which is not observed clearly. It shows that the wormhole geometry is not asymptotically flat, and this conduct agrees with the already prevailing cases described in the literature (see, for example, [43–46]). In the reference of energy conditions, it is verified from Figure 3 that the condition is seen negative, which shows the presence of exotic matter. From the same figure, it is confirmed that the expression remains positive. From Figures 4-5, it is confirmed that the expressions , , and remain positive.

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Figure 1 

Behavior of and . Here, (black), (red), (blue), (green), and (orange).

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Figure 2 

Development of and . Here, (black), (red), (blue), (green), and (orange).

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Figure 3 

Graphical analysis of and .

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Figure 4 

Graphical analysis of and .

Figure 5 

Behavior of .

4. Analysis of Energy Conditions for Two Specific Shape Functions

In this section, we shall analyze the behavior of energy condition to check the nature of matter for two specific shape functions.

4.1. First Model

Here, we consider a specific model of shape function, i.e., [56]. By plugging this special function-based specific model of shape function into equations (16)–(18), we obtain the following expressions for energy density and pressure components:where