Abstract

This paper generalizes the special case of the Carlsson orthogonality in terms of the 2-HH norm in real normed linear space. Dragomir and Kikianty (2010) proved in their paper that the Pythagorean orthogonality is unique in any normed linear space, and isosceles orthogonality is unique if and only if the space is strictly convex. This paper deals with the complete proof of the uniqueness of the new orthogonality through the medium of the 2-HH norm. We also proved that the Birkhoff and Robert orthogonality via the 2-HH norm are equivalent, whenever the underlying space is a real inner-product space.

1. Introduction

Different notions of orthogonality in normed linear spaces have been developed by various mathematicians. As a generalization of orthogonality from inner product space to normed linear space “ is orthogonal to if and only if identically in ” was suggested by Robert ([1, 2]). However, it has the weakness that for some normed linear space, at least one of every pair of orthogonal elements would have to be zero, i.e., for all only if or . This difficulty is not experienced in the isosceles, Pythagorean, and Birkhoff orthogonalities.

To study the difference of orthogonality in the complex case in comparison with the real case, Paul et al. in 2018 came with a new concept of Birkhoff-James orthogonality by introducing new definitions on complex reflexive Banach spaces and introduced more than one equivalent characterization of Birkhoff-James orthogonality of compact linear operators in the complex case [3]. In 1945, James came with the concept of the Pythagorean and isosceles orthogonalities, which characterize inner product space via their homogeneity and additivity [4]. James also discussed the existence property of isosceles orthogonality type. The property of the uniqueness of isosceles orthogonality was not discussed until Kapoor and Prasad’s paper was published. They proved that the Pythagorean orthogonality is unique in any normed linear space; however, the isosceles orthogonality is unique if and only if the space is strictly convex [5].

Carlsson introduced a more general type of orthogonality treating the isosceles and Pythagorean orthogonalities are special cases [6]. Martini and Wu showed many interesting connections between the Birkhoff and isosceles orthogonality. They proved that if a linear map preserves the Birkhoff orthogonality, then it also preserves the isosceles orthogonality [7]. In 2007, Alsina and Tomas gave a different characterization of the inner product space with the help of weaker linearity axioms of the scalar product and Pythagoras/isosceles orthogonality [8].

Using the concept of the p-HH norm as described in the paper [9], Kikianty and Dragomir came up with a new notion of orthogonality with the help of the 2-HH norm, which is closely related to the Pythagorean and isosceles orthogonalities [10]. They proved that the Pythagorean orthogonality via 2-HH norm satisfies the nondegeneracy, continuity, and symmetry properties; however, it is neither additive nor homogeneous in normed linear space, but it satisfies the property of existence and uniqueness in any normed linear spaces. Isosceles orthogonality via the 2-HH norm also satisfies the nondegeneracy, continuity, and symmetry properties but neither additive nor homogeneous in general. If the normed linear space is convex, then the isosceles orthogonality via 2-HH norm satisfies the property of uniqueness, but the existent property holds in any normed linear space [10].

According to Carlsson’s result described in [6], the isosceles and Pythagorean orthogonalities are special cases of the generalized Carlsson orthogonality. We introduced a new special case of the Carlsson orthogonality which satisfies all requirements as stated in Carlsson’s orthogonality as well as the nondegeneracy, simplification, and continuity property of the inner product space. Furthermore, we proved that such orthogonality is homogeneous if and only if the underlying space is an inner product space [11]. Motivated by the results of Kikianty and Dragomir, and our previous result, we have attempted to introduce a new notion of orthogonality through the medium of the 2-HH norm, which we denote by the 2-HH-N orthogonality. We have proved that the 2-HH-N orthogonality is unique in any normed linear space. If the norm on is induced by an inner product, then the Robert and Birkhoff orthogonality via the 2-HH norm is equivalent.

2. Definition Notation and Preliminary Results

Let us first establish the notations and terminologies used in this paper. Let be the normed linear space which we consider to be real. For any , 2-HH-N denotes as the orthogonal to via the 2-HH norm, which we defined with the help of the new special case of the Carlsson orthogonality discussed in [11]. The Pythagorean orthogonality plays an important role in describing new orthogonality through the medium of the 2-HH norm. Given any two elements , we say that is Pythagorean orthogonal to , written as , if and only if [4]. Kikianty and Dragomir introduced the Pythagorean orthogonality via the 2-HH norm and using a similar idea to that of Kapoor and Prasad, they proved that “ the Pythagorean orthogonality via 2-HH norm is unique in any normed space” [9]. Besides that, they also define the Carlsson orthogonality via the 2-HH norm in the paper [12].

For any , Kikianty and Dragomir defined the p-norm on as follows [10]:

From (1), it is obvious that , and therefore, the p-norm is symmetric. Using the concepts of Hermite-Hadamard’s inequality, we have

With the help of (2), they defined the p-HH norm on in the following ways [10]:

For all , it is obvious that . Therefore, the p-HH norm is symmetric. They proved that is a normed linear space because the nondegeneracy and homogeneity of the norm can be derived from (3) and the triangle inequality follows from Minkowski’s inequality. If the norm on is induced by an inner product , then as a special case of the p-HH norm, it is denoted by the 2-HH norm. It is defined in the paper [9] as follows:

For any , the p-norm and p-HH norm are equivalent in .

Definition 1. A real-valued function defined on a nonempty subset is called convex if (i)The domain of the function is convex(ii)For any and

If the inequality ((5)) is strict whenever and , it is called strictly convex. To study the properties of orthogonality in normed linear space, it is interesting to investigate the following properties of orthogonality in ordinary Euclidean space as applied to normed linear space. For any Euclidean space , let . Then, the following are considered as the main properties of orthogonality [9]. (i)Nondegeneracy: if , then .(ii)Simplification: if , then for any , .(iii)Continuity: if such that for every , and , then .(iv)Homogeneity: if , then for all .(v)Symmetry: if , then (vi)Additivity: if and , then .(vii)Existence: if , then there exist such that .(viii)Uniqueness: for any , if there exists such that , then such is unique.

In this paper, we mainly focus on the last property. Kapoor and Prasad proved that the Pythagorean orthogonality is unique in any normed linear space, but the isosceles orthogonality is unique if and only if the normed linear space is strictly convex [5]. Regarding the Robert orthogonality, the property of existence is satisfied only in an inner-product space [1].

Definition 2 [4]. A vector is said to be isosceles orthogonal to if and only if

Definition 3 [13]. A vector is said to be the Birkhoff-James orthogonal to if and only if

3. Main Result

Definition 4 [11]. A vector is orthogonal to if

If the underlying space is a real inner product space and the relation (8) holds a. e on . Then, using the concept of the 2-HH norm, we have

Now, the left-hand side of relation (9)

Again, the right-hand side of relation (9)

Now, we consider a notion of orthogonality as follows: let be a normed space. A vector is said to be 2-HH-N orthogonal to (denoted by ) if and only if

Kikianty and Dragomir in [9] proved that “ the Pythagorean orthogonality via 2-HH norm is unique in any normed space X”. To prove this, they use the following lemma by omitting the proof. We give a detailed proof of the lemma as they stated in the paper [9].

Lemma 5. Let , where is the normed linear space. Let be a function on defined by

Then, is a convex function on , and for any and where , we have

Proof. Let and such that . Then, which shows that is a convex function. Since , then the inequality will be strict and therefore

As a similar concept of Lemma 5, we also prove the following lemma which is useful to prove the uniqueness property of new orthogonality via the 2-HH norm.

Lemma 6. Let be a normed space and . Let be a function defined on by

Then, is a convex function on and for any , and where , we have

Proof. Suppose , where First, we show that is a convex function. Let and such that . which shows that is a convex function. Similarly, for the function we can show that and we conclude that is also a convex function. Also, we know that the sum of two convex functions is also convex. Then, is convex. Since , then the inequality will be strict, and therefore

Theorem 7. 2-HH-N orthogonality is unique in any normed space .

Proof. The proof has a similar idea to that of Kapoor and Prasad (pp. 406) and Kikianty and Dragomir (pp. 41). Suppose 2-HH-N orthogonality is not unique. Then, we must have elements and , and a such that and . Define a convex function Now, Setting and note that and Now, suppose that and note that (since ), Lemma 6 gives Also, (since ), and with the help of Lemma 6which contradicts (28). Now, consider the case , we have Since , then, , and using the Lemma 6, we have Also, and Lemma 6 gives us which contradicts the relation (31). For the case , we have This shows that (since ). Then, we have which contradicts (25). Thus, in all cases, we get a contradiction. Hence, 2-HH-N orthogonality is unique in any normed space.