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PSInSAR-Based Surface Deformation Mapping of Angkor Wat Cultural Heritage Site

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Abstract

Satellite data are making revolutionary changes in the field of archaeology, and nowadays they have been widely used by the scientific community for regular mapping and monitoring of cultural heritage sites. The development of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors helps in monitoring the heritage site with higher accuracy. This study uses the Persistent Scatter Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR), which is an advanced technique of differential SAR interferometry to find the surface deformation of the Angkor Wat temple and its premises. Seven interferometric data from the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) of Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1 (ALOS-1) for the period 2006–2009 and ten interferometric data from the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 for the period 2014–2018 have been used in this study to identify the deformation pattern. It is found from this study that the Angkor Wat temple and its outer walls are stable.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the SARPROZ software team for providing the license. The authors are thankful to the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen for providing TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X data under the Project Id -NTI_POLI6635 on PolInSAR Tomography for above ground biomass estimation and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for providing the L-band ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets under the proposal number 1408 of RA4 with the title Hydrological parameter retrieval and glacier dynamics study with L-band SAR data. The authors are also grateful to the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) for providing ALOS-1 PALSAR-1 data through ASF Vertex Data Search.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), 04 Kalidas Road, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India

    Shashi Kumar, S. Kandasamy Vignesh, Arun Babu, Praveen K. Thakur & Shefali Agrawal

  2. Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

    S. Kandasamy Vignesh

  3. Microwaves and Radar Institute of German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

    Arun Babu

Authors
  1. Shashi Kumar
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  2. S. Kandasamy Vignesh
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  3. Arun Babu
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  4. Praveen K. Thakur
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  5. Shefali Agrawal
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Contributions

SK contributed to conceptualization, data processing, formal analysis, manuscript preparation, supervision, methodology, satellite data selection, software, validation, writing—reviewing and editing. VKS contributed to data processing, formal analysis, manuscript preparation. AB was involved in data processing, visualization, investigation, reviewing and editing. PKT was involved in data curation. SA was involved in project administration.

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Correspondence to Shashi Kumar.

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Kumar, S., Vignesh, S.K., Babu, A. et al. PSInSAR-Based Surface Deformation Mapping of Angkor Wat Cultural Heritage Site. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 49, 827–842 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-020-01257-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-020-01257-7

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