Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of Fe@C nanoparticles prepared by gaseous detonation

doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124037

Materials Chemistry and Physics

Volume 259, 1 February 2021, 124037

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124037 Get rights and content

Abstract

The electromagnetic(EM) wave absorption properties of carbon-based magnetic nanoparticles prepared by gaseous detonation and explosive detonation are different. In present study, the influence of detonation temperature on EM wave absorption property of Fe@C nanoparticles was studied by heat treatment. The results demonstrated that heat treatment was an easy and effective way to improve the EM wave absorption property of Fe@C nanoparticles. The reflection loss (RL) value reduced significantly from −1.8 dB to −17.1 dB, and the effective absorption frequency was 7.1 GHz. The improvement of phase and degree of graphitization resulted in the change of electromagnetic parameters, which led to a better impedance matching. As a result, the EM wave absorption property of Fe@C nanoparticles was enhanced. Detonation temperature is a key factor on EM wave absorption property of Fe@C nanoparticles, and heat treatment is an easy and useful way to enhance the EM wave absorbing ability of gaseous detonation Fe@C nanoparticles.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

With the development of electronic equipments, the electromagnetic(EM) wave pollution is becoming more and more serious. In order to reduce the harm of EM wave, many kinds of EM wave absorption materials are studied and produced by scholars. Carbon-encapsulated iron(Fe@C) nanoparticles, special materials with the core-shell structure, are common EM wave absorption materials with great dielectric and magnetic properties [1]. According to Kumar's et al. study, the nanoscale carbon-coated iron/iron-carbide/graphite particles could exhibit excellent EM wave absorbing ability, and the RL value can reach −40.5 dB for a 4.3 mm thick sample [2]. Heng et al. prepared Fe@C core-shell particles via hydrothermal reaction and heat treating process, and the EM wave absorption properties results indicated that the maximum RL could reach −40 dB [3]. In order to obtain a new kind of wave absorber, Li et al. found an approach for Fe@C transformating into Fe@CN_x nanocapsules, and the electromagnetic parameters were changed much, which would improve the microwave absorbing ability [4]. Though many references report the excellent EM wave absorbing capability of Fe@C nanoparticles, the preparation method for Fe@C nanoparticles with low cost, easy operation and quite good EM wave absorption property still needs further study.

Detonation method is a very practical way to prepare nanomaterials in a very short time [5,6], which can be classified as explosive detonation and gaseous detonation according to the explosion source. During the detonation process, the nanopowders could be prepared and fly away to form a smoke screen, which has a tremendous application potential in airborne electromagnetic interference. Luo et al. prepared a core-shell Fe@C nanoparticles via detonating a mixture explosive in 2010 [7]. Chen et al. used high explosive and iron tristearate to obtain Fe@C nanoparticles, and found the mass ratio of explosive to iron tristearate playing an important role on the coating layers [8]. Yan et al. provided a gaseous detonation method to prepare Fe@C nanoparticles using hydrogen and air detonation [9]. The influence of hydrogen on Fe@C nanoparticles was studied by Zhao et al. and found H₂ played an important role on phases and morphology of Fe@C nanoparticles [10]. Zhao et al. found the EM wave absorbing ability of MWCNTs prepared via gaseous detonation method was a little weak [11]. Li's study indicated the EM wave absorption properties of carbon-coated permalloy nanoparticles prepared by explosive detonation method was strong, and the minimum RL was −30 dB at 12.88 GHz [12]. Although many kinds of carbon-based magnetic materials could be prepared via detonation method, there are few reports on the EM wave absorbing properties of carbon-based magnetic nanomaterials prepared by detonation method.

Compared with explosive detonation, gaseous detonation is using combustible gas as explosion source, and the detonation pressure and temperature of gaseous detonation is much lower, as a result, it is more convenient to operate and control in the laboratory [9,13]. In addition, the nanomaterials prepared via gaseous detonation method are more pure, and the gaseous detonation method is more potential for industrial production. Though many references report how to prepare Fe@C nanoparticles and how the factors affect the Fe@C nanoparticles in the gaseous detonation experiments [[13], [14], [15], [16]], little attention was paid to the effect of temperature on EM wave absorption performance of Fe@C nanoparticles prepared by detonation method. In present paper, the original Fe@C nanoparticles, prepared by gaseous detonation method, were heat-treated with the protection of argon, and the influence of temperature on phase, degree of graphitization, magnetic performance and EM wave absorbing capability were studied in detail. It pointed out the importance of temperature on EM wave absorption properties of gaseous detonation synthesis of Fe@C nanoparticles and discussed the wave absorbing mechanism of Fe@C nanoparticles.

Section snippets

Preparation of Fe@C nanoparticles

The steps of using gaseous detonation method to prepare Fe@C nanoparticles have been reported in detail in our previous study [9,13]. In present study, the benzene-oxygen mixture was used as explosion source, and ferrocene was the carbon and metal sources. 20 g of ferrocene was dissolved into 100 ml benzene with the supportion of water-bath to obtain the organic solution. 3 ml of the organic solution was injected into a homemade detonation tube (1100.0 mm in length, 95.0 mm in inner diameter.)

XRD and morphology analysis

Fig. 1 displays the XRD patterns of sample S1 and Ar-700. It is clear that the sharp peaks around 44.6°, 65.0° and 82.3° were iron, and the peak at 44.6° related to the (110) crystal plane of iron. 2θ at 43.3° was iron carbide, and it is a common characteristic of Fe@C nanoparticles prepared by gaseous detonation method [10]. However, after heat treatment it was hard to find the diffraction peak of iron carbide, because iron carbide may be decomposed into iron and carbon under the high

Conclusion

Fe@C nanoparticles, important EM wave absorbing materials, can be prepared easily by detonation method. However, the EM wave absorption property of original gaseous and explosive detonation Fe@C nanoparticles is much different. In present study, the influence of temperature on EM wave absorption property of Fe@C nanoparticles was studied to explore the difference between gaseous and explosive detonation method. The results indicated that the heat treatment could improve the crystallinity and

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Tiejun Zhao: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Honghao Yan: Writing - review & editing. Jianwei Yue: Validation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Software. Jianqi Wang: Validation, Formal analysis, Visualization. Jianwei Zhang: Resources, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Data curation. Zifa Wang: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11672067, and 11672068).

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Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of Fe@C nanoparticles prepared by gaseous detonation

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Preparation of Fe@C nanoparticles

XRD and morphology analysis

Conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

Chem. Eng. J.

J. Alloys Compd.

Carbon

Mater. Res. Bull.

Mater. Chem. Phys.

Carbon

Appl. Catal. B Environ.

Carbon

Appl Catal a-Gen

Carbon

Carbon

J. Alloys Compd.

Carbon

Chem. Eng. J.

Chem. Eng. J.

Microporous Mesoporous Mater.

J. Magn. Magn Mater.

Carbon encapsulated nanoscale iron/iron-carbide/graphite particles for EMI shielding and microwave absorption

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

Microwave absorption enhancement of Fe/C core-shell hybrid derived from a metal-organic framework

Nano

Fe@CNx nanocapsules for microwave absorption at gigahertz frequency

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

Fe@CN_x nanocapsules for microwave absorption at gigahertz frequency