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Effect of various shape and nanoparticle concentration based ternary hybrid nanofluid coolant on the thermal performance for automotive radiator

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Abstract

The performance evaluation of radiator with the application of a new coolant, water-based of various shape nanoparticles i.e., spherical (CuO), cylindrical (CNT), platelet (Graphene) and vol. concentrations based ternary hybrid nanofluid have been investigated theoretically. Impact of heat transfer rate and pressure drop along with exergetic analysis on vol. fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid, coolant flow rate, and air velocity has been considered. Furthermore, the XRD and SEM morphology analysis have been conducted for 1% vol. fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid. Theoretical comparative analysis revealed that the change in ternary hybrid concentrations plays a vital role in thermal performance due to its shape factor of nanoparticles. An increment of 19.35% and 7.2% in heat transfer rate and the second law of efficiency, respectively, were observed for variation in vol.fraction range within 1%–3% at 10 lpm. The application of ternary hybrid nanofluid increases the irreversibility of the system with coolant flow rate and air velocity. Entropy change for air is greater compared to entropy change in the coolants and results in a 29.15% increment in entropy change for ternary hybrid nanofluid. Similarly, an increase in air velocity also has the least effect on fan power. This inspection divulges on the particle shape and vol. concentrations both have a critical consequence on the accomplishment of ternary hybrid nanofluids in radiators, and its application is more effective in enhancing the thermal performance for an automotive cooling system.

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Abbreviations

CFR:

coolant flow rate

C:

heat capacity rate (W/K)

C*:

heat capacity ratio

cp :

specific heat (J/kg.K)

Da :

hydraulic diameter (m)

G :

mass velocity (kg/m2s)

J:

Colburn factor

Fl :

longitudinal fin pitch

Ft :

transverse fin pitch

θ:

wavy angle

r:

radius of curvature for wavy fin

NTU:

number of heat transfer units

h:

heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

I:

irreversibility (W)

Q:

heat transfer rate (W)

Re:

Reynolds number

k:

thermal conductivity (W/mK)

Pr:

Prandtl number

Gr:

Graphene nanoparticle

CNT:

carbon nanotube

m :

mass flow rate (kg/s)

Nu:

Nusselt number

PF :

fan power (W)

p:

pressure (kPa)

PP :

pumping power (W)

PI:

performance index

S:

entropy generation rate (W/K)

T0 :

dead state temperature (K)

T:

temperature (K)

I* :

dimensionless exergy loss

∆p:

pressure drop (Pa)

u:

air velocity (m/s)

V:

volume flow rate (m3/s)

U:

overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

∆Ex:

exergy gain or loss rate (W)

ηo :

total heat transfer surface effectiveness

η2 :

second law efficiency

ρ:

fluid density (kg/m3)

ε:

radiator effectiveness

n:

shape factor

a:

air

hnf:

hybrid nanofluid

i:

inlet

e:

exit

T-hnf:

Ternary hybrid nanofluid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India

    Rashmi Rekha Sahoo

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Rekha Sahoo, R. Effect of various shape and nanoparticle concentration based ternary hybrid nanofluid coolant on the thermal performance for automotive radiator. Heat Mass Transfer 57, 873–887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-020-02971-1

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