The sedimentary architecture of hyperpycnites produced by transient turbulent flows in a shallow lacustrine environment

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105804

Sedimentary Geology

Volume 411, January 2021, 105804

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105804 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Shallow lacustrine hyperpycnites produced by transient sediment-laden flows
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Sedimentary architecture of hyperpycnites related to transitional flow types
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Transformation of transitional flows in a shallow lake

Abstract

Hyperpycnal flows are river-derived extrabasinal turbidity currents transporting both sand and clay to lacustrine, coastal, shelf and deepwater sedimentary environments. Experimental research in the past twenty years has shown that the presence of clay in sediment-laden flows promotes a transitional behavior between fully turbulent flow and a quasi-laminar plug flow regime. However, to date, most work concerning the fluid dynamic interpretation of lacustrine hyperpycnal flows has been founded on concepts based on fully turbulent flows, and relatively little is known about the influence of clay on the rheological and turbulence characteristics of these flows. With the help of 3D seismic volume and wire-line logging data, the present study undertakes a description and interpretation of subsurface mixed sandstone–mudstone bedforms observed in cores from the Upper Cretaceous Heidimiao Sandstone, Nenjiang Formation, Songliao Basin, NE China. Six lithofacies and five lithofacies associations are recognized from the cores and interpreted as formed under both turbulent and transitional flows. Typical bedforms of transitional flows include large current ripples and low-amplitude bedwaves. The delta-fed shallow lacustrine hyperpycnal flow deposits are characterized by proximal sinuous channels (extending for c. 20 km) and lobe deposits (extending for >20 km), showing a fan-like geometry associated with distributary channel extension in the down-dip direction. Basal erosion in the proximal channels is produced by the initial turbulent and turbulence-enhanced transitional flows, with channel infill dominated by upper transitional plug flows or quasi-laminar plug flows. The lobe deposits possess a fan-like geometry with large aspect ratio, and were formed from turbulence-enhanced and lower transitional plug flows. The downdip transformation of sediment-laden flows in the lacustrine basin varies from an initial turbulent flow, via quasi laminar plug flows to upper and lower transitional plug flows, to turbulence enhanced transitional flows. These transitional flows are interpreted to have experienced gradual dilution and deceleration and eventually transformed to turbulent flows in their distal regions. A new model for delta-fed shallow lacustrine hyperpycnal flow deposits is presented incorporating decelerated transitional flows and flow transformations. This new model can aid understanding of the depositional processes of lacustrine transitional flows and the facies distribution of hyperpynal flows in both modern and ancient sediments.

Section snippets

Introduction & background

Hyperpycnal flows are extrabasinal sustained turbidity currents generated by river flooding (Wright et al., 1986; Mulder et al., 2003; Zavala and Arcuri, 2016), and their deposits – hyperpycnites – have been documented in both modern environments and the sedimentary rock record (Best et al., 2005; Soyinka and Slatt, 2008; Zhang et al., 2015; Xian et al., 2018). However, the identification and distribution of ancient hyperpycnites is currently the subject of much debate (e.g. Shanmugam, 2018;

Geological setting

The Songliao Basin is a large Meso-Cenozoic lacustrine basin in Northeastern China with a NE-SW orientation (Fig. 1A). The basin consists of six first-order tectonic units (Feng et al., 2010; Fig. 1B), including the northern plunge, the central depression, the northeastern, southeastern and southwestern uplifts and the western slope, which have a total area of 2.6 × 10⁵ km². The present paper focuses principally on the Qian'an area in the southern Songliao Basin (Fig. 1C). The tectonic

Data and methods

All geological data used in the present study were provided by the Jilin Oil Company, China National Petroleum Corporation. Cores, well logs and 3D seismic data were integrated to document the planform distribution and vertical sedimentary architecture of the shallow lacustrine deposits in the Changling Sag. The methods used in the present study were as follows.

First, 100 m of cores from ten exploration wells (Fig. 1C) of the K₂n³ interval were described to identify the component lithologies

Lithofacies and interpretation

In the K₂n³ interval, the succession is composed mainly of well-developed sandstones bounded by dark-colored mudstones (Fig. 3). These muds generally have a hydrogen index (HI) of approximately 20–300 mg g⁻¹, and have been interpreted to have formed in a shallow lacustrine environment in the Qian'an region (Feng et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2015). The classification developed herein can be related to the facies classification scheme proposed in previous research by Zavala et al. (2011) and Xian

Discussion: a depositional model of lacustrine hyperpycnites dominated by transitional turbulent flows

Previous studies have demonstrated that hyperpycnal flow deposits can be well preserved in lacustrine environments (Pan et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017; Xian et al., 2018), and the present study describes delta-fed hyperpycnal flow deposits in the shallow lacustrine environment of the Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation, during which the paleoclimate was mainly semi-arid and semi-humid (Wang et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2020). As such, flood-related hyperpycnal flows are more likely triggered by

Conclusions

Using subsurface geological data, delta-fed hyperpycnites in a delta-fed shallow lacustrine environment were recognized in the Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation, Songliao Basin, NE China. Based on the description and interpretation of cores, six lithofacies and five lithofacies associations can be recognized and related to a range of hyperpycnal flow types. This interpretation is based principally on: (i) sedimentary structures related to subaqueous turbulent flows and clay-laden transitional

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the Exploration and Development Institute of the Jilin Oilfield, China National Petroleum Corporation, for providing access to the geological and geophysics data. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41902122), China National Science and Technology Major Project (2016ZX05011-001), the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (2015CB250901), and the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum Beijing (No.

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The tectonic history of the basin includes the syn-rift, the post-rift, and the structural inversion phases (Wang et al., 2016a). The sandstone reservoirs are mostly formed in the Cretaceous post-rift phase of the basin (Dou et al., 2021). The sandstones in the first member of the Yaojia Formation (K2y1), known as the Putaohua Sandstone which is one of the main oil-bearing layers in the southern Songliao Basin.
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Many sandy mouth bars are characterised by a distinct facies assemblage of coarse-grained planar, trough cross-stratified or low-angle cross-stratified sand(stones) passing downslope into finer-grained, massive or plane-parallel, “quasi” plane-parallel or subhorizontally stratified sand(stones) and eventually into climbing-ripple cross-laminated sand(stones) (Figs. 4E, F, G, 5, 6) reflecting deposition from decelerating hyperpycnal turbulent and/or transitional flows. Beds have erosive, sharp or gradational basal contacts and are cm to dm thick (Mutti et al., 1996, 2000; Zavala et al., 2006; Olariu et al., 2010; Girard et al., 2012; Ahmed et al., 2014; Fidolini and Ghinassi, 2016; Zavala, 2020; Cole et al., 2021; Dou et al., 2021; Jin et al., 2021; Lin and Bhattacharya, 2021). García-García et al. (2006), Ahmed et al. (2014), Martini and Sandrelli (2015), Fidolini and Ghinassi (2016), Ambrosetti et al. (2017), Van Yperen et al. (2020) and Melstrom and Birgenheier (2021) reported the occurrence of massive, normally or inversely graded sandstones and pebbly sandstones, alternating with trough cross-stratified and planar-parallel stratified sandstones, which may indicate the occurrence of avalanche and grain-flow processes on steeper mouth-bar slopes (Fig. 4F).
Shallow-water deltas remain enigmatic in terms of placing the observed facies within a coherent process-based depositional model. Here we report tank experiments on mouth-bar formation from shallow water pure and stratified jets that, combined with recent flume experiments on bedforms, suggest new interpretations of field observations from shallow-water delta outcrops.
Our experiments imply that the height, geometry and bedforms of the mouth bars depend on the jet properties and grain size of the supplied sediment. Pure jets with very coarse-grained sediment formed a high and steep mouth bar that is characterised by steep angle-of-repose cross bedding with related avalanche processes (grain flows) on the lee side. The experiments with stratified jets imply that mouth-bar deposition and growth are dominated by supercritical density flows that evolve from the initial jets on the lee side of the growing mouth bar. In stratified jets with very coarse-grained sediment, deposition on the mouth-bar lee side was both from grain-flow avalanches and density flows. While deposition on the upper lee slope was dominated by grain flows, a concentric field of low relief, asymmetric, downflow-migrating bedforms evolved on the lower slope and beyond the mouth bar. In the stratified jet with medium-grained sediment a very low relief mouth bar formed within a concentric field of low, asymmetric, downflow-migrating bedforms covering the entire lee slope and the area beyond.
Many previous field studies show that mouth bars deposited from dense stratified jets (hyperpycnal flows) are characterised by a distinct facies assemblage of coarse-grained cross-stratified or low-angle cross-stratified sandstone passing downslope into finer-grained plane-parallel, or “quasi-parallel” laminated sand and into climbing-ripple cross-laminated sandstone. Comparison to flume and tank experiments suggests that the proximal coarse-grained planar and trough cross-stratified sandstones could represent deposition by supercritical dunes that pass downslope into antidunes, characterised by sinusoidal stratification and/or low-angle cross stratification. The repeated vertical transition between antidune deposits and climbing-ripple cross-laminated sandstone may indicate the superposition of ripples onto antidunes in finer-grained sediments, indicating ripple formation under supercritical flow conditions. Similar bedforms/sedimentary structures have previously been interpreted as hummocky cross-stratification or swaley cross-stratification and attributed to combined flows in storm-dominated settings, which probably in some cases must be revised.
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The sedimentary architecture of hyperpycnites produced by transient turbulent flows in a shallow lacustrine environment

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

Introduction & background

Geological setting

Data and methods

Lithofacies and interpretation

Discussion: a depositional model of lacustrine hyperpycnites dominated by transitional turbulent flows

Conclusions

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgments

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