Research paperRole of trivalent Bi/Tm partial substitution on active operable slip systems in Bi-2212 crystal structure
Introduction
For the materials world, the exposure of excess forces or loads (tensile, compressive, shear or torsional) is one of the most important details for the useful economic life (directly related to the material characteristic nature) in the potential application areas. Thus, the service environment (factors of temperature, moisture, etc.,) of material as well as the applied load as provides some important clues about whether the material can be used to design as a member of application or not. It is, of course, that the duration (fraction of a second, few seconds or over a period of several days, months or years) and magnitudes (constant with the application time or fluctuated constantly) for the applied test loads are the other factors that determine the useful economic life of materials. Thus, the scientists have endeavored to improve the fundamental mechanical characteristic properties of materials towards the applied forces or loads to enhance the economic life so that the materials can find much more places in the potential application areas.
As received, the hardness tests performed with respect to the permanent depth of notch on the surface of sample under the applied test loads have widely been used to define some quantitative information founded on the mechanical performance characteristics for a compound studied [1], [2]. Hence, the test technique (related to the stresses and stress distributions) is directly based on the measure of indentation depth length (diagonal length) [3], [4], [5], [6]. The working principle depends on the fact that the indenter makes a much larger and deeper length trace (called as the indentation depth length/size) on the surface of relatively soft materials; therefore, the number of hardness index is lower. On the other hand, in case of harder material the indenter is not capable of leaving a notch on the specimen surface of compound. On this basis, the harder material has much larger hardness index number [7]. That the hardness tests are easily controlled (no need any special specimen surface preparation), modern hardware test equipment, low cost (relatively cheaper testing apparatus), non-destructive (without any serious deformation or fracturation on surface) operation and extremely controlled test procedure (data receiving with the automatic software control) are the other remarkable features related to the hardness measurements. Besides, the reliable experimental findings and accurate readings as well as the deduction of other key mechanical design properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity, stiffness, durability, impact resistance, tensile strength, yield strength, fracture toughness, flexural strength, brittleness index, ductility and related elastic stiffness coefficients) can be arranged as the superior characteristic features of hardness test techniques [8], [9], [10]. However, it is to be emphasized here that especially determination of yield strength for a ceramic material is really difficult process due to their minimum (little to no energy) absorption energy capacity under stress (brittleness nature). Accordingly, much performance needs to shape the ceramic compounds into the proper test structure without breaking. Similarly, the alignment of materials is also hard process without any bending stresses. That is why, the tensile measurement is generally useless. On the other hand, there are two useful methods to determine the stress-strain behavior of a ceramic compound and related key mechanical design performance properties. One of them is experimental three-point bending test measurement, the experimental results of which enable the researchers to calculate the moduli of elasticity for the ceramic compound. The second useful technique is the microhardness test, the experimental findings of which provide more economically the moduli of elasticity and related mechanical quantities.
This paper is a part of systematic identification studies founded on the variation of fundamental aspects of electrical, physical, superconducting, super-electrons, crystal structure quality, texturing, grain orientations, flux pinning capability in the nucleation sites, pinning barrier energy, surface morphology, grain boundary couplings, hole trap energy, interaction quality between the grains, effective electron-phonon couplings in the homogeneous superconducting clusters, key mechanical design performance, general mechanical characterization and quantum mechanical quantities with the trivalent Bi/Tm partial substitution mechanism. In the present work, we search the variation of general mechanical performance behaviors belonging to the brittle Bi2.1Sr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy (Bi-2212) ceramic inorganic compounds with the partial substitution of trivalent Tm impurities at the Bi-sites in the crystal structure with the aid of Vickers hardness (diamond pyramid) method in the microindentation tests from the parents of hardness measurement tests at the applied test loads between 0.245 N and 2.940 N. This is because, the Vickers hardness technique includes many advantages (automatic software control, modern hardware test equipment and accurate readings point to point) on the determination of hardness performances for the brittle materials [11]. The examination of the differentiation in the mechanical performances for the Bi-2212 inorganic compounds enables us to establish a strong methodology between the partial replacement of Bi/Tm and evaluation of structural problems. In this respect, it is found that the optimum substitution (x = 0.07) in the solid Bi2.1-xTmxSr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy superconducting ceramic matrix brings about the augmentation in the key mechanical design performances.
Section snippets
Experimental details
The previous study published in the valuable scientific paper [12] was sensitively focused on the vital roles of partial substitution of Tm+3 impurities for the Bi+3 inclusions on the dc electrical resistivity versus temperature, crystal structural, superconducting and flux pinning mechanisms of solid Bi-2212 superconducting ceramic compounds. The experimental findings showed that every fundamental characteristic property improves step by step with increasing the Bi/Tm substitution level
Results and discussion
We provide a brief information about what happens in the bulk Bi-2212 crystal lattice depending on the introduction of thulium impurities in the system. The Tm inclusions enable the atoms to reform with new groups to strengthen the ionic bonding (resistant towards the sliding) qualities in the bulk Bi-2212 crystal lattice. In this regard, the optimum substitution leads to increase considerably the ionic bonding (related to the electrodynamic repulsion) in the Bi-2212 superconducting ceramic
Conclusion
In the current work, we find a strong dependence related to the variation of fundamental mechanical performance behaviors and general mechanical characteristic features of Tm substituted Bi-site Bi-2212 ceramic materials with the formation of possible active slip systems and elimination of structural problems in crystal structure. The Vickers hardness versus applied test loads curves show that all the fundamental key mechanical design performance (mechanical strength, stiffness, durability and
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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2022, Ceramics InternationalCitation Excerpt :At the end of 1987, the various ceramic parents such as Tl-, Ga-, Hg- and Bi-based cuprate materials were discovered. Among the distorted and oxygen deficient multi-layered perovskite structures, the Bi-based ceramic superconductors exhibit superior characteristic features as regards rather higher critical transition temperature regions (especially as compared to Re-123 crystal system), relatively greater magnetic field (≥100 T at irreversibility line temperature of 35 K) and current (≈107A/cm2) carrying capacities, smaller energy loss and dissipation [7–12] for the usage of industrial, heavy-industrial technology, advanced engineering, small and large-scale application fields. Likewise, larger thermodynamic stability, easily rolling/deforming/shaping for long cable construction over 1 km in length and tape-casting (due to the Vander Waal bonded BiO layers in the micaceous structure) as well as simple preparation process for desired phases, cheap and non-toxic chemicals, resistance against water/humid atmosphere, easily accessible of nitrogen for cooling system, stability over compositional contents and oxygen at relatively higher annealing temperature of ∼850 °C [13–19].