Comparison of Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A data in lithological mapping : A Case study of Rich area (Central High Atlas, Morocco)
Introduction
Nowadays, remote sensing plays a very important role in lithological, and mineralogical mapping using multispectral and hyperspectral images (Laoufi et al., 2011, Pour et al., 2019). Lithological mapping employing spatial methods are applicable mainly in arid areas where vegetation is scarce (Othman and Gloaguen, 2014), which is made possible by highlighting the earth's surface and the detection of lithological units by satellite. The procedure of this technique is based on the identification of the Physico-chemical characteristics of the rock surface (Bachri et al., 2019).
The use of multispectral and hyperspectral data in the mapping of lithological units is based on the exploration of the characteristics of the spectral bands (Bentahar et al., 2020). Most of previous studies has used ASTER data because of the properties of its constituent bands (Gad and Kusky, 2007, Othman and Gloaguen, 2014, Pour and Hashim, 2012). Visible near infrared (VNIR) bands are used to show iron-oxide formations, the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands are useful for the identification of carbonates, hydrates, and hydroxides while the TIR bands are used to show silicates (Gad and Kusky, 2007). Recently the researchers are taking advantage of Sentinel-2A MSI imagery in geological mapping because of its band properties (Ge et al., 2018).
The Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) data contain 11 spectral bands, from which 9 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 30 m, panchromatic band with a spatial resolution of 15 m and two TIR bands with a spatial resolution of 100 m (Table 1). These data can be downloaded for free from the USGS website (https://glovis.usgs.gov/). Advanced Space Heat Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data consist of 14 bands, 3 VNIR bands have 15 m spatial resolution, 6 SWIR bands have 60 m spatial resolution and 5 TIR bands have 90 m spatial resolution (Table 1). The ASTER images are downloaded free of charge from the NASA website (LPDAAC).
Sentinel 2A MSI data consists of 13 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 10 to 60 m. Four VNIR bands (B2, B3, B4, and B8) at 10 m, four red-edge bands (B5, B6, B7, and B8a) and two SWIR bands (B11 and B12) at 20 m, and three bands (aerosol, water vapor and cirrus SWIR respectively B1, B9, and B10) at 60 m spatial resolution (Table 1). The image recordings are downloaded free of charge from the USGS website (https://glovis.usgs.gov/).
Central High Atlas is constituted an objective of the different field research thanks to variety of lithologic types of the area, where it consists of the formations of Paleozoic massif which exposed in the Mougueur region (Ouanaimi et al., 2018) and the cover formations of the Meso-Cenozoic age which was controlled by the development of the intracontinental basin (Ait Addi and Chafiki, 2013, Babault et al., 2013, Teixell et al., 2017). The identification of these geological formations allows us to understand the geodynamics of the study area and the High Atlas in general.
This work focuses on mapping of the lithological units using Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A MSI multispectral data in the eastern part of Rich High Atlas. The application of remote sensing data provides information from inaccessible areas to understand the development of geological formations in the Central High Atlas. This work consists of an update of the geological map of study area and identification of lithological units that are identified in the new works (Ouanaimi et al., 2018, Teixell et al., 2017). The processing of multispectral data is mainly based on image enhancement by using various techniques to highlight the lithological units. In this work, the identification of lithological units has been carried out using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF). This step allows the collection of lithological data based on the spectral signature of the rock surface. Then, the mapping of the lithological units based on the application of classifications algorithm techniques including supervised classification MLC and SVM.
Section snippets
Geological settings
The study section is located in the eastern part of the Rich area. It presents the boundary between the Central and Eastern High Atlas (Fig. 1). The Central High Atlas belongs to the great atlasic chain which is considered a typically intracontinental chain representing the foreland of the Mediterranean alpine system of the Rifaine chain (Babault et al., 2013). The lithological formations in the study area (Fig. 2) consist of Palaeozoic Massif masked by Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover (Benammi et
Methodology
The processing methodology of multispectral data used in this work is summarized in the flowchart (Fig. 3). After pre-processing the multispectral images, the image processing process is based on image enhancement using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF). Mapping of lithological units was performed using two techniques of supervised classification : Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Support Vector Machine SVM
Principal component analysis (PCA)
Principal Component Analysis PCA is a processing technique of multispectral data widely used in lithological and structural lineaments mapping (Bentahar et al., 2020). This technique is a multivariate statistical method. based on noise elimination and highlighting of targeted information to clarify the relationship between variables and the phenomenon (Adiri et al., 2017, Gasmi et al., 2016).
Minimum Noise Fraction transformation (MNF)
Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation (MNF) is similar to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It is
Spectral characterization of lithological units
The spectral signatures extracted from the three types of multispectral images (Fig. 4) show the continental formations have maximum reflectance, while the Triassic basalts show low reflectance in the spectral signature diagram of the Landsat OLI and Sentinel 2A images. The pleozoic sandstone and pelite show low reflectance according to the ASTER diagram. The maximum reflectances are 0.68 µm, 0.65 µm, and 1.58 µm recorded for Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A data, respectively. The minimum
Discussion
Lithological mapping using multispectral or hyperspectral images are very profitable for geologists. In this work the lithological mapping was done using multispectral Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A data. The image processing is based on image enhancement to highlight all the lithological units that make up the region. The PCA shows that color composite RGB of the Landsat OLI (PC2, PC3, PC5) gives good results. allowing us to differentiate between the different lithological units: satin
Conclusion
The mapping of lithological units using satellite data allows us to visualize inaccessible areas by conventional methods. The present work focuses on the mapping of lithological units in the Rich region using three types multispectral data including Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A. The processing of these data is mainly based on enhancing and increasing the visualization of the lithological units for this purpose we used PCA, MNF, and ICA. These three techniques allow us to differentiate
Funding
The research did not receive specific funding.
Declarations
Author's contribution statement:
Ibtissame Bentahar : treated the satellite images, Analyzed and interpreted the data, she is the main author of the article, she wrote the article.
Mohammed Raji : Analyzed and interpreted of the results, he followed the methodology applied in the image processing as well as supervised the writing of the article.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank reviewers for their very helpful comments and constructive reviews of this manuscript.
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