Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are human vasculogenic cells described as potential cell therapy product and good candidates for being a vascular liquid biopsy. Since interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a main actor in senescence, its ability to interact with ECFCs has been explored. However, expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2, the two cellular receptors for IL-8, by ECFCs remain controversial as several teams published contradictory reports. Using complementary technical approaches, we have investigated the presence of these receptors on ECFCs isolated from cord blood. First, CXCR1 and CXCR2 were not detected on several clones of cord blood- endothelial colony-forming cell using different antibodies available, in contrast to well-known positive cells. We then compared the RT-PCR primers used in different papers to search for the presence of CXCR1 and CXCR2 mRNA and found that several primer pairs used could lead to non-specific DNA amplification. Last, we confirmed those results by RNA sequencing. CXCR1 and CXCR2 were not detected in ECFCs in contrary to human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (h-iECs). In conclusion, using three different approaches, we confirmed that CXCR1 and CXCR2 were not expressed at mRNA or protein level by ECFCs. Thus, IL-8 secretion by ECFCs, its effects in angiogenesis and their involvement in senescent process need to be reanalyzed according to this absence of CXCR-1 and − 2 in ECFCs.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smadja, D. M. (2019). Vasculogenic stem and progenitor cells in human: future cell therapy product or liquid biopsy for vascular disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1201, 215–237.
Paschalaki, K. E., & Randi, A. M. (2018). Recent advances in endothelial colony forming cells toward their use in clinical translation. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne), 5, 295.
Smadja, D. M., Bièche, I., Susen, S., et al. (2009). Interleukin 8 is differently expressed and modulated by PAR-1 activation in early and late endothelial progenitor cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 13(8b), 2534–2546.
Medina, R. J., O’Neill, C. L., O’Doherty, T. M., et al. (2013). Ex vivo expansion of human outgrowth endothelial cells leads to IL-8-mediated replicative senescence and impaired vasoreparative function: IL8 mediates OEC senescence. Stem Cells, 31(8), 1657–1668.
Blandinières, A., Gendron, N., Bacha, N., et al. (2019). Interleukin-8 release by endothelial colony-forming cells isolated from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients might contribute to their pathogenicity. Angiogenesis, 22(2), 325–339.
Kimura, T., Kohno, H., Matsuoka, Y., et al. (2011). CXCL8 enhances the angiogenic activity of umbilical cord blood-derived outgrowth endothelial cells in vitro. Cell Biology International, 35(3), 201–208.
Yoon, C.-H., Hur, J., Park, K.-W., et al. (2005). Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation, 112(11), 1618–1627.
Murphy, P. M. (2019). 10 - Chemokines and chemokine receptors [Internet]. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT, Schroeder HW, Frew AJ, Weyand CM, editors. Clinical immunology (5th Edition, p. 157–170.e1). London: Content Repository Only! 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 29]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702068966000107.
Murphy, P. M., & Tiffany, H. L. (1991). Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor. Science, 253(5025), 1280–1283.
Holmes, W. E., Lee, J., Kuang, W. J., Rice, G. C., & Wood, W. I. (1991). Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science, 253(5025), 1278–1280.
Zlotnik, A., & Yoshie, O. (2000). Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity, 12(2), 121–127.
Petzelbauer, P., Watson, C. A., Pfau, S. E., & Pober, J. S. (1995). IL-8 and angiogenesis: evidence that human endothelial cells lack receptors and do not respond to IL-8 in vitro. Cytokine, 7(3), 267–272.
Murdoch, C., Monk, P. N., & Finn, A. (1999). Cxc chemokine receptor expression on human endothelial cells. Cytokine, 11(9), 704–712.
Salcedo, R., Resau, J. H., Halverson, D., et al. (2000). Differential expression and responsiveness of chemokine receptors (CXCR1-3) by human microvascular endothelial cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J, 14(13), 2055–2064.
Menicacci, B., Margheri, F., Laurenzana, A., et al. (2018). Chronic resveratrol treatment reduces the pro-angiogenic effect of human fibroblast “Senescent Associated Secretory Phenotype” (SASP) on endothelial colony forming cells: the role of IL8. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74(5), 625–633.
Kwon, Y. W., Heo, S. C., Lee, T. W., et al. (2017). N-acetylated proline-glycine-proline accelerates cutaneous wound healing and neovascularization by human endothelial progenitor cells. Scientific Reports, 7, 43057.
d’Audigier, C., Cochain, C., Rossi, E., et al. (2015). Thrombin receptor PAR-1 activation on endothelial progenitor cells enhances chemotaxis-associated genes expression and leukocyte recruitment by a COX-2-dependent mechanism. Angiogenesis, 18(3), 347–359.
Dufies, M., Grytsai, O., Ronco, C., et al. (2019). New CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitors represent an effective treatment for kidney or head and neck cancers sensitive or refractory to reference treatments. Theranostics, 9(18), 5332–5346.
d’Audigier, C., Susen, S., Blandinieres, A., et al. (2018). Egfl7 represses the vasculogenic potential of human endothelial progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 14(1), 82–91.
Rossi, E., Poirault-Chassac, S., BiEChe, I., et al. (2019). Human endothelial colony forming cells express intracellular CD133 that modulates their vasculogenic properties. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 15(4), 590–600.
Nevo, N., Lecourt, S., Bièche, I., et al. (2020). Valproic acid decreases endothelial colony forming cells differentiation and induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like process. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 16(2), 357–368.
Melero-Martin, J. M., De Obaldia, M. E., Kang, S.-Y., et al. (2008). Engineering robust and functional vascular networks in vivo with human adult and cord blood-derived progenitor cells. Circulation Research, 103(2), 194–202.
Lin, R.-Z., Moreno-Luna, R., Li, D., Jaminet, S.-C., Greene, A. K., & Melero-Martin, J. M. (2014). Human endothelial colony-forming cells serve as trophic mediators for mesenchymal stem cell engraftment via paracrine signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28), 10137–42.
Rossi, E., Sanz-Rodriguez, F., Eleno, N., et al. (2013). Endothelial endoglin is involved in inflammation: role in leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. Blood, 121(2), 403–415.
Wang, K., Lin, R.-Z., Hong, X., et al. (2020). Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. Science Advances, 6(30), eaba7606.
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., et al. (2013). STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics, 29(1), 15–21.
García-Alcalde, F., Okonechnikov, K., Carbonell, J., et al. (2012). Qualimap: evaluating next-generation sequencing alignment data. Bioinformatics, 28(20), 2678–2679.
Love, M. I., Huber, W., & Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biology, 15(12), 550.
Bustin, S., & Huggett, J. (2017). qPCR primer design revisited. Biomolecular Detection and Quantification , 14, 19–28.
Yoshimura, T., Matsushima, K., Tanaka, S., et al. (1987). Purification of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor that has peptide sequence similarity to other host defense cytokines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84(24), 9233–9237.
Koch, A. E., Polverini, P. J., Kunkel, S. L., et al. (1992). Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science, 258(5089), 1798–1801.
Addison, C. L., Daniel, T. O., Burdick, M. D., et al. (2000). The CXC chemokine receptor 2, CXCR2, is the putative receptor for ELR + CXC chemokine-induced angiogenic activity. Journal of Immunology, 165(9), 5269–5277.
Silvestre, J.-S., Smadja, D. M., & Lévy, B. I. (2013). Postischemic revascularization: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Physiological Reviews, 93(4), 1743–1802.
Watson, C. A., Camera-Benson, L., Palmer-Crocker, R., & Pober, J. S. (1995). Variability among human umbilical vein endothelial cultures. Science, 268(5209), 447–448.
Yoder, M. C., Mead, L. E., Prater, D., et al. (2007). Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood, 109(5), 1801–1809.
Smadja, D. M., Melero-Martin, J. M., Eikenboom, J., Bowman, M., Sabatier, F., & Randi, A. M. (2019). Standardization of methods to quantify and culture endothelial colony-forming cells derived from peripheral blood: Position paper from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis SSC. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 17(7), 1190–1194.
Muñoz-Espín, D., & Serrano, M. (2014). Cellular senescence: from physiology to pathology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 15(7), 482–496.
Li, J.-J., Ma, F.-X., Wang, Y.-W., et al. (2017). Knockdown of IL-8 provoked premature senescence of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells and Development, 26(12), 912–931.
Shen, X.-H., Xu, S.-J., Jin, C.-Y., Ding, F., Zhou, Y.-C., & Fu, G.-S. (2013). Interleukin-8 prevents oxidative stress-induced human endothelial cell senescence via telomerase activation. International Immunopharmacology, 16(2), 261–267.
Hampel, B., Fortschegger, K., Ressler, S., et al. (2006). Increased expression of extracellular proteins as a hallmark of human endothelial cell in vitro senescence. Experimental Gerontology, 41(5), 474–481.
Kiefer, F., & Siekmann, A. F. (2011). The role of chemokines and their receptors in angiogenesis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 68(17), 2811–2830.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the PROMEX STIFTUNG FUR DIE FORSCHUNG foundation that we deeply thank.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest related to this work.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
ESM 1
(DOCX 2.07 MB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blandinières, A., Hong, X., Philippe, A. et al. Interleukin-8 Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 Are Not Expressed by Endothelial Colony-forming Cells. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 17, 628–638 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10081-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10081-y