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Chemical-Free Extraction and Identification of Sugar Components from Oil Palm Biomass Through a Hydrothermal Process

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Abstract

Purpose

The aims of this research were to extract sugar-based products from oil palm biomass, oil palm fronds (OPFs) and oil palm fruit pressed fibers (FPFs) via a hydrothermal process using accelerated solvent extraction and to identify the sugar content of the aqueous phase at different temperatures and reaction times.

Methods

The liquid products obtained from accelerated solvent extraction were further analyzed for the total sugar content and number of sugar components using the phenol-sulfuric acid method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

The highest sugar contents of the FPF and OPF samples were detected at 180 °C and at reaction times of 10 min and 30 min. Further extension of the reaction time at 180 °C showed that the optimal hydrolysis durations were 50 min for FPFs and 40 min for OPFs. These results may have been due to the physical structures and compositions of the samples. Analysis of the qualitative data indicated the presence of more sugar components in the FPF sample than in the OPF sample. This result was possibly due to the presence of unique and unidentified sugar components in the OPF sample.

Conclusions

Hydrothermal processing via accelerated solvent extraction is a promising solution for the hydrolysis and fractionation of oil palm biomass to extract total sugars.

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Fig. 1
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Fig. 3

Data Availability

The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included in the main manuscript file and additional files.

Abbreviations

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography

ASE:

Dionex ASE 350 accelerated solvent extraction

FPF:

Oil palm fruit press fiber

OPF:

Oil palm frond

BSA:

N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide

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Funding

There was no external funding received to carry out this research. The authors wish to thank the Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Vasagi Ramachandran, Noor Shartika Jusoh, Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor, Fazrena Nadia Md. Akhir, Zuriati Zakaria & Hirofumi Hara

  2. Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nor’azizi Othman

Authors
  1. Vasagi Ramachandran
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  2. Noor Shartika Jusoh
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Contributions

VR, NSJ and HH designed the research; VR and NSJ performed the experiments; MJ, FN and HH analyzed the GC–MS data; VR and HH wrote the manuscript; and NAO and ZZ helped with manuscript preparation.

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Correspondence to Hirofumi Hara.

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Ramachandran, V., Jusoh, N.S., Noor, M.J.M.M. et al. Chemical-Free Extraction and Identification of Sugar Components from Oil Palm Biomass Through a Hydrothermal Process. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 4253–4261 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01297-7

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