Abstract
The safe application of H2 gas requires a high-performance H2 gas sensing system. An attractive H2 gas sensor for industrial application which has H2 gas selectivity, high sensitivity, high response, high durability, small size, and low cost has not been developed yet. Durability is one of the most important problems in H2 gas sensors using Pd. This study focused on electric resistivity changes in metallic Pd with hydrogen gas absorption. Nanostructured palladium (NSPd) films for a hydrogen gas sensing material were fabricated by a dealloying method using dilute citric acid. Fabricated NSPd films exhibited a nanoscaled network structure or aggregated particle structure, a linear electric resistance change with hydrogen gas concentration, and high sensitivity compared to flat pure Pd films. Therefore, NSPd film is useful for hydrogen gas sensing applications and has both high sensitivity and low usage of the noble metal. Furthermore, we also revealed a degradation mechanism of pure Pd film due to repeated H2 gas exposure, and this phenomenon did not appear in the NSPd film. NSPd also showed a higher durability with repeated H2 gas exposure compared to pure Pd film. We concluded that NSPd is suitable for use as a practical H2 gas sensor due to its cost effectiveness and high sensing ability.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Crabtree GW, Dresselhaus MS, Buchanan MV (2004) The hydrogen economy. Phys Today 57:39–44
Dunn S (2002) Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system. Int J Hydrogen Energ 27:235–264
Urbaniec K, Friedl A, Huisingh D, Claassen P (2010) Hydrogen for a sustainable global economy. J Clean Prod 18:S1–S3
Edwards PP, Kuznetsov VL, David WIF, Brandon NP (2008) Hydrogen and fuel cells: towards a sustainable energy future. Energ Polic 36:4356–4362
McDowall W, Eames M (2007) Towards a sustainable hydrogen economy: a multi-criteria sustainability appraisal of competing hydrogen futures. Int J Hydrogen Energ 32:4611–4626
Ube T, Kawamoto A, Ishiguro T (2019) Scanning transmission electron microscopy characterization of nanostructured palladium film formed by dealloying with citric acid from Al–N–Pd mother alloy film. Mater Trans 60:525–530
Christmann K (1988) Interaction of hydrogen with solid surfaces. Surf Sci Rep 9:1–163
Weinrotter M, Kopecek H, Wintner E, Lackner M, Winter F (2005) Application of laser ignition to hydrogen–air mixtures at high pressures. Int J Hydrogen Energ 30:319–326
Hübert T, Boon-Brett L, Black G, Banach U (2011) Hydrogen sensors–a review. Sens Actuators B Chem 157:329–352
Boon-Brett L, Bousek J, Black G et al (2010) Identifying performance gaps in hydrogen safety sensor technology for automotive and stationary applications. Int J Hydrogen Energ 35:373–384
Hübert T, Boon-Brett L, Palmisano V, Bader MA (2014) Developments in gas sensor technology for hydrogen safety. Int J Hydrogen Energ 39:20474–20483
Christofides C, Mandelis A (1990) Solid-state sensors for trace hydrogen gas detection. J Appl Phys 68:R1–R30
Hughes RC, Schubert WK (1992) Thin films of Pd/Ni alloys for detection of high hydrogen concentrations. J Appl Phys 71:542–544
Lee E, Lee JM, Koo JH, Lee W, Lee T (2010) Hysteresis behavior of electrical resistance in Pd thin films during the process of absorption and desorption of hydrogen gas. Int J Hydrogen Energ 35:6984–6991
Sakamoto Y, Takai K, Takashima I, Imada M (1996) Electrical resistance measurements as a function of composition of palladium-hydrogen(deuterium) systems by a gas phase method, J Phys Conden Matter 8:3399–3411
Flanagan TB, Oates WA (1991) The palladium-hydrogen system. Annu Rev Mater Sci 21:269–304
Offermans P, Tong HD, Van Rijn CJM, Merken P, Brongersma SH, Crego-Calama M (2009) Ultralow-power hydrogen sensing with single palladium nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 94:223110
Ndaya CC, Javahiraly N, Brioude A (2019) Recent advances in palladium nanoparticles-based hydrogen sensors for leak detection. Sensors 19:4478
Salama K, Ko CR (1980) Effect of hydrogen on the temperature dependence of the elastic constants of palladium single crystals. J Appl Phys 51:6202–6209
Hakamada M, Mabuchi M (2013) Fabrication, microstructure, and properties of nanoporous Pd, Ni, and their alloys by dealloying. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 38:262–285
Gan YX, Zhang Y, Gan JB (2018) Nanoporous metals processed by dealloying and their applications. AIMS Mater Sci 5:1141
Ube T, Kawamoto A, Nishi T, Ishiguro T (2019) Fabrication and morphological control of a palladium film with a three-dimensional nano-network structure as a hydrogen gas sensing material using organic acid chelation. MRS Adv 4:319–324
Nishi T, Hasegawa S, Ube T, Ishiguro T (2020) Reaction acceleration of nanoporous high-purity pd film formation by dealloying of Al-Pd-N film in pH-controlled EDTA solution. MRS Adv 5(11):531–538
Liu Y, Li Y, Huang P, Song H, Zhang G (2016) Modeling of hydrogen atom diffusion and response behavior of hydrogen sensors in Pd–Y alloy nanofilm. Sci Rep 6:37043
Yuan Z, Li R, Meng F, Zhang J, Zuo K, Han E (2019) Approaches to enhancing gas sensing properties: a review. Sensors 19:1495
Tang X, Haddad P-A, Mager N et al (2019) Chemically deposited palladium nanoparticles on graphene for hydrogen sensor applications. Sci Rep 9:3653
Tanaka N, Yamasaki J, Usuda K, Ikarashi N (2003) First observation of SiO2/Si (100) interfaces by spherical aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. J Electron Microsc 52:69–73
Kunwar S, Pandey P, Sui M, Zhang Q, Li M-Y, Lee J (2017) Effect of systematic control of Pd thickness and annealing temperature on the fabrication and evolution of palladium nanostructures on Si (111) via the solid state dewetting. Nanoscale Res Lett 12:364
Sakamoto Y, Chen FL, McNicholl RA (1993) Thermodynamic studies of hydrogen solution in Pd-Sc alloys. J Alloys Compd 192:145–148
Harumoto T, Suzuki Y, Shi J, Nakamura Y (2017) X-ray diffraction study on a (111)-textured palladium thin film under hydrogen loading and unloading: film structure evolution and its mechanism. J Appl Crystallogr 50:1478–1489
McAlister A (1986) The Al− Pd (aluminum-palladium) system. Bull Alloy Phase Diagr 7:368
Harumoto T, Tamura Y, Ishiguro T (2015) Ultrafine nanoporous palladium-aluminum film fabricated by citric acid-assisted hot-water-treatment of aluminum-palladium alloy film. AIP Adv 5:017146
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by NIMS Nanofabrication Platform that is sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Mark Bissett.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ube, T., Hasegawa, S., Horie, T. et al. Development and evaluation of nanostructured palladium thin film prepared by dealloying using dilute citric acid for hydrogen gas sensing application. J Mater Sci 56, 3336–3345 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05419-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05419-3