Elsevier

Nano Energy

Volume 81, March 2021, 105584
Nano Energy

Full paper
Sn stabilized pyrovanadate structure rearrangement for zinc ion battery

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105584Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Pyrovanadate V2O74− group pillared with Sn oxide layer is developed.

  • The formation of Sn–O–V bonding leads to charge screening effect.

  • The SnVO cathode show excellent performance as cathode for zinc ion batteries.

  • In-situ Raman and ex-situ XANEs are applied to explore the reaction mechanism.

  • Tetravalent Sn ions bring about stronger ionic bonds, supporting high stability.

Abstract

Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have shown great potential for grids-level energy storage system. However, the lack of desirable and stable cathode materials remains challenging. Herein, Sn1.5V2O7(OH)2•3.3H2O, in which pyrovanadate V2O74− group pillared with Sn oxide layer, is developed as an advanced cathode for ZIBs and a hidden reaction mechanism in SnVO cathode through in-situ Raman and ex-situ XANEs, involves the opening of V˭O edge bonding and formation of Sn–O–V bonding, which leads to charge screening effect and facilitates the fast diffusion kinetics for zinc ions, as quantitatively verified by kinetic analysis. Additionally, the tetravalent Sn ions bring about stronger ionic bonds, binding to pyrovanadate V2O74− group and leading to good stability in the pyrovanadate framework, which guarantee the cycling stability. As a result, the as-prepared SnVO shows long cycling life as well as excellent rate capability. We demonstrate that, even cycled at high current of 10 A/g, the SnVO cathode can still retain a capacity of 130 mAh/g for over 500 cycles, indicating remarkable high capacity at high rate. Our findings reveal that the tetravalent tin ions have a strong beneficial effect on the battery performance of the layered-structure cathode materials. It is believed that our study would boost further studies in other multi-valent rechargeable batteries.

Graphical Abstract

Sn1.5V2O7(OH)2•3.3H2O, in which pyrovanadate V2O74− group pillared with Sn oxide layer, is developed as an advanced cathode for ZIBs. A hidden reaction mechanism in SnVO cathode involves the opening of V˭O edge bonding and formation of Sn–O–V bonding, which leads to charge screening effect and facilitate the fast diffusion kinetics for zinc ions, as quantitatively verified by kinetic analysis.

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Introduction

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the consumer markets in many systems including portable electronics due to the light weight and high energy [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, quite a few issues such as rising costs of lithium and cobalt, combustion concerns, and environmental impact seriously hinder the large-scale applications of LIBs, especially electric vehicle (EVs) and grid-scale energy storage, in which the cost, energy density, durability, and safety are significantly considered [6], [7], [8], [9]. In recent years, new aqueous rechargeable batteries with low cost and intrinsic operational safety have been a focused research interest [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Moreover, compared with the low ionic conductivities of organic electrolytes (ca. 1–10 mS/cm), water based electrolytes with much higher ionic conductivities (ca. 1 S/cm) would facilitate the high rate performance of battery [15], [16]. Intensive researches have recently spanned on naturally abundant alkaline ions (Na+, K+) and bivalent or multivalent ions as charge carriers [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) has drawn most interests due to the excellent compatibility of zinc metal with aqueous electrolyte, with suitable and low redox potential and excellent electrochemical stability in aqueous, while maintaining high capacity (820 mAh/g) [16], [22], [23], [24].

Ever since ZIB was reported, many research efforts have been devoted to the materials design for aqueous ZIBs [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]. Initially, MnO2 polymorphs have been studied as positive electrodes of ZIBs due to its high theoretical capacity [30]. Linda and her co-workers first reported that layered zinc vanadium pentoxide (Zn0.25V2O5•nH2O) shows excellent electrochemical properties as promising cathode for zinc battery [31]. The initial research has driven numerous studies on the vanadium oxides-based materials then. For example, Mai et al. have developed V2O5•nH2O as advanced cathode material for ZIBs [32], [33]. They demonstrated the major influence of structural water to facilitate the intercalation of zinc ions into the bilayer of V2O5•nH2O [15]. It was found that the structural water can promote the diffusion of zinc ions by reducing its electrostatic interactions with the V2O5 framework. The aqueous V2O5•nH2O/Zn battery can provide a specific energy of around 144 Wh/kg at 0.3 A/g, which is promising for practical applications. Moreover, Chen et al. have prepared zinc/sodium vanadate system [34] and found that the pillar effect of the structural water and sodium ions. They also verified that the battery cells operate via co-insertion of H+ and Zn2+. Their findings confirm that the pre-intercalated ions would stabilize the structure, leading to stable zinc ion storage performance. However, the pre-intercalated ions would rather easily lose binding with the framework and de-intercalate to the electrolyte, which leading the structural collapse again [35], [36], [37], [38], [39].

Inspired by these works, we report the introduction of tetravalent tin ions into the pyrovanadate Sn1.5V2O7(OH)2•3.3H2O (denoted as SnVO) with excellent cycling stability for zinc ion battery. Compared with the pure vanadium pentoxide, the tetravalent Sn in SnVO can strongly bind with V2O74− layers together, supporting the high mechanical stability during the intercalation of zinc ions. In addition, the tin oxide tetrahedrons within the V4O10 layers can further expand the size of the cavity between pyrovanadate V2O74−, facilitating the fast kinetics for zinc ion diffusion leading to improved rate performance of ZIB.

Section snippets

Results and discussion

The crystal structure of the as-prepared sample is initially investigated by XRD in Fig. 1a and matches the metal pyrovanadate (JCPDS NO. 050–0570), which crystalizes in the trigonal system (P-3m1), and is built up of tin oxide layers separated by V–O–V pillars (V2O74− group). The V2O74− group layer is formed by close-packed terminal O atoms of pyrovanadate and hydroxide groups. The metal atoms occupy octahedral sites in a close-packed layer of O atoms. Additionally, the TGA curve in Fig. 1b

Conclusion

In summary, we have revealed the hidden reaction mechanism in the SnVO cathode in the ZIB during electrochemical cycling using in-situ Raman and ex-situ XANEs for the first time. The Sn1.5V2O7(OH)2•3.3H2O electrode material, in which pyrovanadate V2O74− groups are pillared with Sn oxide layer, shows a remarkably high capacity of 330 mAh/g at 100 mA/g and excellent high rate capability as well as long cycling life. The electrochemical mechanism, involving the opening of V˭O edge bonding and

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Wangwang Xu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft. Congli Sun: Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Na Wang: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Xiaobin Liao: Resources, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Kangning Zhao: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft,

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

W.X., C.S., and N.W. contributed equally. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21905305, 21905169, 51874196, and 51674164), Research Enhancement Awards sponsored by LaSPACE and the Economic Development Assistantship sponsored by LSU graduate school, as well as the sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program (2019PJD015), and Shanghai Shuguang Program, the Iron and Steel Joint Research Fund of National Natural Science Foundation and

Dr. Wangwang Xu is currently a postdoctoral fellow in School of Renewable Natural Resources at Louisiana State University. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department from Louisiana State University, M.A. degree and B.S. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from Wuhan university of Technology. His research interests are in the development of advanced nanomaterials for novel energy storage devices.

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      Additionally, NVO-300 presents a lower charge platform and a higher discharge platform, implying it has a higher energy conversion efficiency [3]. Notably, the obtainable maximum specific capacity of NVO-300 (355 mAh g−1) exceeds the performance of many previously reported vanadium-based aqueous ZIB cathode materials (Table S1), including bilayered VOPO4∙2H2O (313.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) [49], Sn1.5V2O7(OH)2∙3H2O (300 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1) [50], H0.5Na0.5V3O8·2H2O (304 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1) [51], and PANI-V2O5∙nH2O (346 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A·g−1) [52]. To gain further insight into the detailed CD characteristics, the CD curves of the initial five cycles of the optimal NVO-300 were recorded at a constant current of 0.3 A g−1.

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    Dr. Wangwang Xu is currently a postdoctoral fellow in School of Renewable Natural Resources at Louisiana State University. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department from Louisiana State University, M.A. degree and B.S. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from Wuhan university of Technology. His research interests are in the development of advanced nanomaterials for novel energy storage devices.

    Prof. Congli Sun, associate professor, holds a full time position at Wuhan University of Tecnology of China (WHUT). His research topics are focused on the advanced electron microscopy, interface physics, local heterogneity & kinetics, multiple scattering and density functional theory.

    Ms. Na Wang received her M.S. degree in Department of Materials Science and Engineering from Shanghai University in 2020. She is currently working in Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. Her current research involves the cathodes for zinc ion battery.

    Mr. Xiaobin Liao received his M.S. degree in Department of Materials Science and Engineering from Wuhan University of Technology in 2018. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree. His current research involves the energy storage/conversion materials, nanoscale devices and DFT calculation.

    Dr. Kangning Zhao is currently PostDoc of the Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS) at the School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). He received his Ph.D. degree from Wuhan University of Technology under supervision of Prof. Liang Zhou and Prof. Liqiang Mai in 2019, during which, he carried out his visiting scholar research in the laboratory of Prof. Xudong Wang at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2016–2018. He was an assistant professor in Shanghai Univeristy in 2019–2020. Currently, his research interest includes membranes for electrochemical catalysis and energy storage devices.

    Prof. Guang Yao, associate professor, holds a full-time position at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). His major is microelectronics and solid-state electronics. His research topics are focused on design and fabrication of flexible biomedical electronics, such as wearable electrical modulation devices and implanted biodegradable electronics.

    Mr. Qiangchao Sun received his B.S. degree from Jiangxi University of Science and Technology in 2015, and he is currently a Ph.D. degree candidate under the supervision of Prof. Hongwei Cheng at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, China. His research interests focus on the key materials and technologies for the aqueous zinc ion batteries and aluminum ion batteries, especially on the vanadium-based cathode materials.

    Prof. Hongwei Cheng is a professor of metallurgical physical chemistry at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University. He received his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering from Shanghai University in 2009. He worked as a visiting scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2018 to 2019. His research interests include oxygen permeable membranes, solid electrolytes, electrode materials and their applications.

    Prof. Ying Wang is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Louisiana State University. She received her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from University of Washington, M.A. degree in Chemistry from Harvard University, and B.S. degree in Chemical Physics from University of Science and Technology of China. Prof. Wang’s focuses on the novel nanomaterials for energy conversion & storage devices. She has published 68 journal articles; her recent awards include LSU Rainmaker award, Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award, LSU Alumni Association Rising Faculty Research award.

    Prof. Xionggang Lu is a professor of metallurgical physical chemistry at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University. He received his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Physical Chemistry from University of Science and Technology Beijing in 1998. He worked as a visiting scholar at Boston University from 2004 to 2005. His research interests include new metallurgical processes, electrochemical metallurgy, extraction metallurgy and comprehensive utilization of resources. He received the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, the First Prize of Shanghai Technological Invention Award and so forth.

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