Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization and Tribological Properties of Novel AlCu4.5SiMg Alloy–(B4C/TiO2/nGr) Quaternary Hybrid Composites Sintered via Microwave

  • Published:
Metals and Materials International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the future, hybrid aluminum matrix composites, which are the second generation composites, will be replaced by solid reinforced third-generation quaternary hybrid composites in which nano- and micro-scale reinforcement particles are used together. In this study, microwave sinterability of B4C, TiO2 (nm + µm), and nGr reinforced quaternary hybrid composites that had AlCu4.5SiMg alloyed Matrix, and their microstructural and tribological properties after sintering were examined. The proportion of nGr in the composite sample was taken as 0.5 wt%, while B4C and TiO2 were used in three different proportions (3, 9, 12 wt%). After being compressed under 600 MPa pressure, the composite samples were sintered for 60 min at 550 °C by a microwave oven with a power of 2.9 kW and a frequency of 2.45 GHz. It was determined that due to its high microwave absorbency, B4C reinforcement improved the microwave sinterability more compared to TiO2. In XRD analyses, whereas Al4C3 and Al3BC reaction products were not seen as harmful, the intermetallic phase of Al2Cu was detected. It was determined that both friction coefficient and wear resistance increased as the proportion of B4C increased in composite samples. In AlCu4.5SiMg–(12 wt% B4C/3 wt% TiO2/0.5 wt% nGr) quaternary hybrid composites with the highest hardness (97.6 HV), the lowest specific wear rate (0.118 mm3 Nm × 10−3) was detected.

Graphic Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. Zhang, Z. Whang, Q. Li, J. Wu, G. Shi, F. Qi, X. Zhou, Ceram. Int. 44, 3048 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Gökçe, F. Fındık, A.O. Kurt, Mater. Charact. 62, 730 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  3. R.L. Deuis, C. Subramanian, J.M. Yellup, Compos. Sci. Technol. 57, 415 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. T. Varol, A. Canakci, Met. Mater. Int. 19, 1227 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. N. Kumar, M.K. Manoj, Met. Mater. Int. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00814-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Azadi, M. Zolfaghari, S. Rezanezhad, M. Azadi, Appl. Phys. A 124, 377 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. E. Ghasali, R. Yazdani-rad, K. Asadian, T. Ebadzadeh, J. Alloy. Compd. 690, 512 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Issa, A. Taherizadeh, A. Maleki, A. Ghaei, Ceram. Int. 43, 14582 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. E. Ghasali, M. Alizadeh, T. Ebadzadeh, J. Compos. Mater. 52, 2659 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. Rahimian, N. Parvin, N. Ehsani, Mater. Des. 32, 1031 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. Ay, D. Özyürek, M. Yıldırım, B. Bostan, Acta Phys. Pol. A 129, 565 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Canakci, F. Arslan, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 63, 785 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. Baradeswaran, A.E. Perumal, Compos. Part. B Eng. 54, 146 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Dou, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Xiong, Q. Xia, Mater. Des. 60, 669 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. C.S. Ramesh, A.R. Anwar Khan, N. Ravikumar, P. Savanprabhu, Wear 259, 602 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Singh, A. Chauhan, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5, 159 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Awashi, N. Panwar, A.S. Wadhwa, A. Chauhan, Mater. Today 5, 27840 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  18. B. Stalin, S. Arivukkarasan, C.S. Ganesan, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 10, 3988 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. M. Ganesh, D. Srinivasan, N. Vivekanandan, NHC 23, 17 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Baradeswaran, S.C. Vettivel, A.E. Perumal, N. Selvakumar, R.F. Issac, Mater. Des. 63, 620 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. B.N. Sharath, K.S. Madhu, C.V. Venkatesh, Appl. Mech. Mater. 895, 96 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. Prabagaran, G. Chandramohan, P. Shanmughasund, Mater. Technol. 48, 661 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  23. V.V. Monikandan, P.K. Rajendrakumar, M.A. Joseph, T. Nonferrous Met. Soc. 30, 1195 (2020)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. R.G. Papagiannakis, Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. 37, 33 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Ravichandran, A.N. Sait, V. Anandakrishnan, Rare Metals 33, 686 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Ravichandran, V. Anandakrishnan, Strength Mater. 48, 450 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. P.R. Matli, R.A. Shakoor, A.M.A. Mohamed, M. Gupta, Metals 6, 143 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  28. E. Ghasali, A.H. Pakseresht, M. Alizadeh, K. Shirvanimoghaddam, T. Ebadzadeh, J. Alloy. Compd. 688, 527 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Singh, D. Gupta, V. Jain, A.K. Sharma, Mater. Manuf. Process. 30, 1 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. T. Santos, M.A. Valente, J. Monteiro, J. Sousa, L.C. Costa, Appl. Therm. Eng. 31, 3255 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. P.P. Falciglia, P. Roccaro, L. Bonanno, G.D. Guidi, F.G.A. Vagliasindi, S. Romano, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 95, 147 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. U.B.G. Krishna, K.V.S. Rao, B. Vasudeva, Int. J. Met. Mater. 3, 41 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  33. M.S. Asl, M.G. Kakroudi, B. Nayebi, Ceram. Int. 41, 379 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  34. S. Zhu, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, S.C. Zhang, E.J. Yadlowsky, M.D. Keitz, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39, 449 (2008)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Ravichandran, M. Meignanamoorthy, S. Dineshkumar, Appl. Mech. Mater. 852, 130 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Y.H. Çelik, K. Seçilmiş, Adv. Powder Technol. 28, 2218 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  37. E. Ghasali, M. Alizadeh, T. Ebadzadeh, A.H. Pakseresht, A. Rahbari, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 4, 411 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. E. Ghasali, M. Alizadeh, T. Ebadzadeh, J. Alloy. Compd. 655, 93 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. G. Manohar, K.M. Pandey, S.R. Maity, Mater. Today (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. F. Farhadinia, A. Sedghi, M.T. Nooghani, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 58, 454 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. S. Singh, M. Garg, N.K. Batra, Tribol. Trans. 58, 758 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Z. Baig, O. Mamat, M. Mustapha, A. Mumtaz, S. Ali, M. Sarfraz, Int. J. Min. Met. Mater. 25, 704 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. S.N. Alam, L. Kumar, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 667, 16 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Chandrasekaran, T. Basak, R. Srinivasan, Int. Commun. Heat. Mass. 48, 22 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Yan, Z. Yan, J. Mater. Sci. 36, 285 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. T. Etter, P. Schulz, M. Weber, J. Metz, M. Wimmler, J.F. Löffler, P.J. Uggowitzer, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 448, 1 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  47. J.C. Viala, J. Bouix, G. Gonzalez, C. Esnouf, J. Mater. Sci. 32, 4559 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y. Zhang, G. Wu, Rare Metals 29, 102 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. B. Guo, B. Chen, Z. Zhang, X. Cen, Z. Wang, M. Song, S. Ni, J. Yi, T. Shen, Y. Du, Carbon 135, 224 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. W. Zhou, T. Yamaguchi, K. Kikuchi, N. Nomura, A. Kawasaki, Acta Mater. 125, 369 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. L. Yan, Z. Tan, G. Ji, Z. Li, G. Fan, D. Schryvers, A. Shan, D. Zhang, Mater. Charact. 112, 213 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H. Wang, F. Tang, G. Li, D. Zhang, M. Liu, X. Kai, Mater. Res. Express 7, 096511 (2020)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Ipek, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 162–163, 71 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  54. K.R. Padmavathi, R. Ramakrishnan, K. Palanikumar, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 26, 51 (2019)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. İ Şimşek, Boron 4, 100 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  56. S. Şahin, N. Yüksel, H. Durmuş, S.G. İrizalp, Mater. Technol. 48, 639 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  57. G.B.V. Kumar, C.S.P. Rao, N. Selvaraj, JMMCE 10, 59 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  58. A. Nieto, H. Yang, L. Jiang, J.M. Schoenung, Wear 390–391, 228 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Zhou, Y. Jiang, X. Chong, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 25, 881 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vocational School of Manisa Technical Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45140, Manisa, Turkey

    Mehmet Ayvaz

Authors
  1. Mehmet Ayvaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehmet Ayvaz.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ayvaz, M. Characterization and Tribological Properties of Novel AlCu4.5SiMg Alloy–(B4C/TiO2/nGr) Quaternary Hybrid Composites Sintered via Microwave. Met. Mater. Int. 28, 710–721 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00894-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00894-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation