Abstract
This study aims to construct tissue engineering stents by using the long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) technique to develop artery stents. The experimental method combines fibers, the LFT technique, and electrospinning technique. First, the biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol yarns are twisted and coated in polycaprolactone/polyethylene glycol blends through the LFT technique. Next, the weft-knitting and heat treatment are used to establish the stent structure, after which poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is electrospun to coat the stents. The morphology, mechanical, and biological properties of tissue engineering stents are evaluated. The test results indicated that the use of the LFT technique retains the softness of filaments, which facilitates the subsequent weft-knitting process. The coating of blends and electrospinning of PEO have a positive influence on the tissue engineering stents, as demonstrated by the tensile strength of 59.93 N and compressive strength of 6.10 N. Moreover, the in vitro degradation of stents exhibits a stabilized process. The water contact angle is 20.33°, and the cell survival rate in 24 h is over 80%. The proposed tissue engineering stents are good candidates for artery stent structure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fadaie M, Mirzaei E, Geramizadeh B, Asvar Z. Incorporation of nanofibrillated chitosan into electrospun PCL nanofibers makes scaffolds with enhanced mechanical and biological properties. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;199:628–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.061.
Nakielski P, Pierini F. Blood interactions with nano- and microfibers: recent advances, challenges and applications in nano- and microfibrous hemostatic agents. Acta Biomater 2019;84:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.029.
Zhu Y, Hu C, Li B, Yang H, Cheng Y, Cui W. A highly flexible paclitaxel-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun fibrous-membrane-covered stent for benign cardia stricture. Acta Biomater. 2013;9:8328–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.004.
Feng W, Liu P, Yin H, Gu Z, Wu Y, Zhu W, et al. Heparin and rosuvastatin calcium-loaded poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) nanofiber-covered stent-grafts for aneurysm treatment. N J Chem. 2017;41:9014–23. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ01214D.
Zhang Y, Wang J, Xiao J, Fang T, Hu N, Li M, et al. An electrospun fiber-covered stent with programmable dual drug release for endothelialization acceleration and lumen stenosis prevention. Acta Biomater. 2019;94:295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.008.
Gupta P, Lorentz KL, Haskett DG, Cunnane EM, Ramaswamy AK, Weinbaum JS, et al. Bioresorbable silk grafts for small diameter vascular tissue engineering applications: In vitro and in vivo functional analysis. Acta Biomater. 2020;105:146–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.020.
Pangesty A, Todo M. Development of cylindrical microfibrous scaffold using melt-spinning method for vascular tissue engineering. Mater Lett. 2018;228:334–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.06.046.
Feng J. Preparation and properties of poly(lactic acid) melt spun fiber aligned and disordered scaffolds. Mater Lett. 2017;192:153–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.12.035.
Chen W, Sun B, Zhu T, Gao Q, Morsi Y, El-Hamshary H, et al. Groove fibers based porous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering application. Mater Lett. 2017;192:44–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.01.027.
Mohammadi Z, Mesgar AS-M, Rasouli-Disfani F. Reinforcement of freeze-dried chitosan scaffolds with multiphasic calcium phosphate short fibers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;61:590–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.022.
Feng J, Yan X, Lin K, Wang S, Luo J, Wu Y. Characterization of poly(lactic acid) melt spun fiber aligned scaffolds prepared with hot pressing method. Mater Lett. 2018;214:178–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.12.005.
Tardajos MG, Cama G, Dash M, Misseeuw L, Gheysens T, Gorzelanny C, et al. Chitosan functionalized poly-ε-caprolactone electrospun fibers and 3D printed scaffolds as antibacterial materials for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;191:127–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.060.
Khan F, Tanaka M, Ahmad SR. Fabrication of polymeric biomaterials: a strategy for tissue engineering and medical devices. J Mater Chem B. 2015;3:8224–49. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB01370D.
Wang J, Yuan B, Han RPS. Modulus of elasticity of randomly and aligned polymeric scaffolds with fiber size dependency. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;77:314–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.016.
Cortez Tornello PR, Caracciolo PC, Igartúa Roselló JI, Abraham GA. Electrospun scaffolds with enlarged pore size: porosimetry analysis. Mater Lett. 2018;227:191–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.05.072.
Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today. 2013;16:496–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017.
Goel A, Chawla KK, Vaidya UK, Koopman M, Dean DR. Effect of UV exposure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of long fiber thermoplastic (LFT) composites. J Mater Sci. 2008;43:4423–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2444-6.
Schmid B, Fritz H-G. Injection molding of long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. In: Füller J, Grüninger G, Schulte K, Bunsell AR, Massiah A, editors. Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials: Fourth European Conference on Composite Materials September 25–28, 1990 Stuttgart-Germany. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1990. pp. 149–54.
Hou L-D, Li Z, Pan Y, Sabir M, Zheng Y-F, Li L. A review on biodegradable materials for cardiovascular stent application. Front Mater Sci. 2016;10:238–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-016-0344-x.
McCullen SD, Haslauer CM, Loboa EG. Fiber-reinforced scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: use of traditional textile substrates to nanofibrous arrays. J Mater Chem. 2010;20:8776–88. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01443E.
Eskitoros-Togay ŞM, Bulbul YE, Tort S, Demirtaş Korkmaz F, Acartürk F, Dilsiz N. Fabrication of doxycycline-loaded electrospun PCL/PEO membranes for a potential drug delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2019;565:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.073.
Wang Z, Liang R, Jiang X, Xie J, Cai P, Chen H, et al. Electrospun PLGA/PCL/OCP nanofiber membranes promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;104:109796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109796.
Cho D, Bae WJ, Joo YL, Ober CK, Frey MW. Properties of PVA/HfO2 hybrid electrospun fibers and calcined inorganic HfO2 fibers. J Phys Chem C. 2011;115:5535–44. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp111964f.
Hiob MA, She S, Muiznieks LD, Weiss AS. Biomaterials and modifications in the development of small-diameter vascular grafts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3:712–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00220.
Allaf RM, Albarahmieh EA, AlHamarneh BM. Solid-state compounding of immiscible PCL-PEO blend powders for molding processes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2019;97:198–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.023.
Trakoolwannachai V, Kheolamai P, Ummartyotin S. Characterization of hydroxyapatite from eggshell waste and polycaprolactone (PCL) composite for scaffold material. Compos Part B. 2019;173:106974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106974.
Peng X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li S, He B. Synthesis and crystallization of well-defined biodegradable miktoarm star PEG-PCL-PLLA copolymer. Mater Lett. 2016;171:83–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.057.
Douglas P, Albadarin AB, Sajjia M, Mangwandi C, Kuhs M, Collins MN, et al. Effect of poly ethylene glycol on the mechanical and thermal properties of bioactive poly(ε-caprolactone) melt extrudates for pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm. 2016;500:179–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.036.
Yang C-S, Wu H-C, Sun J-S, Hsiao H-M, Wang T-W. Thermo-induced shape-memory PEG-PCL copolymer as a dual-drug-eluting biodegradable stent. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2013;5:10985–94. https://doi.org/10.1021/am4032295.
Wang WZ, Nie W, Liu DH, Du HB, Zhou XJ, Chen L, et al. Macroporous nanofibrous vascular scaffold with improved biodegradability and smooth muscle cells infiltration prepared by dual phase separation technique. Int J Nanomed. 2018;13:7003–18. https://doi.org/10.2147/Ijn.S183463.
Lin M-C, Lin J-H, Huang C-Y, Chen Y-S. Textile fabricated biodegradable composite stents with core-shell structure. Polym Test. 2020;81:106166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106166.
Santos-Coquillat A, Esteban-Lucia M, Martinez-Campos E, Mohedano M, Arrabal R, Blawert C, et al. PEO coatings design for Mg-Ca alloy for cardiovascular stent and bone regeneration applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;105:110026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110026.
Jing X, Mi H-Y, Turng L-S. Comparison between PCL/hydroxyapatite (HA) and PCL/halloysite nanotube (HNT) composite scaffolds prepared by co-extrusion and gas foaming. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;72:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.049.
DeMali KA, Sun X, Bui GA. Force transmission at cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions. Biochemistry. 2014;53:7706–17. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501181p.
González-García C, Cantini M, Ballester-Beltrán J, Altankov G, Salmerón-Sánchez M. The strength of the protein-material interaction determines cell fate. Acta Biomater. 2018;77:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.016.
Türkkan S, Pazarçeviren AE, Keskin D, Machin NE, Duygulu Ö, Tezcaner A. Nanosized CaP-silk fibroin-PCL-PEG-PCL/PCL based bilayer membranes for guided bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;80:484–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.016.
Ma J, Lin L, Zuo Y, Zou Q, Ren X, Li J, et al. Modification of 3D printed PCL scaffolds by PVAc and HA to enhance cytocompatibility and osteogenesis. RSC Adv. 2019;9:5338–46. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA06652C.
Liu KL, Widjaja E, Huang Y, Ng XW, Loo SCJ, Boey FYC, et al. A new insight for an old system: protein-peg colocalization in relation to protein release from PCL/PEG blends. Mol Pharm. 2011;8:2173–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp200513b.
Ponjavic M, Nikolic MS, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Jeremic S, Stevanovic S, Djonlagic J. Degradation behaviour of PCL/PEO/PCL and PCL/PEO block copolymers under controlled hydrolytic, enzymatic and composting conditions. Polym Test. 2017;57:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.11.018.
Acknowledgements
This research project was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under contract Most 108-2221-E-009-135- and Most 105-2221-E-166-006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, MC., Lin, JH., Huang, CY. et al. Tissue engineering stent model with long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic technique. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 31, 107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-020-06411-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-020-06411-8