A review of recent developments in Si/C composite materials for Li-ion batteries
Introduction
The advent of portable electronic products and alternative fuel vehicles has led to an increased demand for advanced lithium (Li)-ion batteries. High performance Li-ion batteries provide electric endurance support in electronic products [1], [2], wherein battery performance is primarily affected by the battery's anode materials. Graphite is a popular low-cost commercial anode material with high conductivity and stable reversibility. However, the material's relatively low capacity has limited its further development.
Electrochemical alloys of Li metal with other compounds (e.g. Si, Sn, P, and Sb) can be used as alternatives. Si-based anode materials are a popular candidate for next generation Li-ion batteries due to an extremely high specific capacity of over 10 times that of commercial graphite. [3], [4] However, Si-based anodes exhibit large volume changes and form an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during electrochemical processes (Fig. 1(a-c)) [5]. Recently, composites of carbon and Si (Si/C) based on various carbon materials and structural designs have been developed to overcome these issues concerning volume expansion and continuous SEI formation (Fig. 1(d-f)) [6], [7], [8]. Carbon coating and controlled porosity have been found to prevent the pulverization of Si particles [6]. Carbon coating can also ensure the stability of the solid electrolyte interphase, thus preventing the consumption of the inner Si by the continuously formed SEI [7]. Careful design of Si/C material structures can ensure strong bonding between the electrode materials and current collector [8]. Overall, the improved performance of Si-based anode materials has been attributed to unique structural designs and the excellent properties of the carbon materials. Several literature reviews have explored the development of Si/C composite anode materials for Li-ion batteries from different perspectives. For instance, Dou et al. [9] assessed Si/C composite materials with different dimensions in great detail, Zhang et al. [10] introduced nanostructured Si/C materials and related electrolytes and binders, and Shen et al. [11] summarized the progress in Si/C materials by highlighting different material structures. However, a comprehensive review introducing various Si/C composite anode materials and their preparation methods along with advanced characterization techniques has not yet been published. This review focuses on the use and preparation of carbon materials to enhance the performance of Si materials, giving a detailed description of one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and nanotubes (CNTs), two-dimensional (2D) graphene (G) sheets and transition metal carbides and carbonitrides (referred to as MXenes), and three-dimensional (3D) graphene shell or amorphous carbon shell-coated Si particles and Si/graphite composites. The excellent performance of Si/C composites is further verified and explained using several advanced characterization techniques. As for zero-dimensional (0D) carbon materials,we only include carbon black in this category.In addition, research on Si/carbon black composites is rarely reported, so we will not introduce these materials.
Section snippets
Advanced preparation methods of carbon materials
Different Si materials have been designed and synthesized for Li-ion batteries using various methods, including Si-nanowire synthesis by vapor-liquid-solid processing [12] and solvent-mediated phenylsilane decomposition [13], Si-nanosphere growth on SiO2 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [14], Si-nanoparticle synthesis by the reverse micelles method [15], and Si-film deposition using a radiofrequency/direct current (RF/DC) magnetron sputtering system [16]. Furthermore, diverse silicon–oxygen
Si/1D carbon composite materials
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CNFs are 1D carbon materials that can be used to form Si/carbon nanotube and nanofiber composite materials. CNTs are widely used in photonics, optoelectronics, catalysis, and battery applications. Specifically, CNTs composited with Si materials show great promise for use in Li-ion batteries due to several advantages, including high electrical conductivity and impressive mechanical and thermal stabilities [51]. These properties are crucial for satisfactory electrode
Advanced characterization techniques
Electrode materials may be evaluated based on macroscopic performance testing and microscopic composition and structure characterization, where the macroscopic properties and performance of a material are highly dependent on its microstructure. Long-term cycling performance, rate performance, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and EIS are common macroscopic performance tests used in the study of Li-ion batteries. These parameters provide a good indication of the material's electrochemical
Conclusion and perspective
A wide range of strategies can be applied to synthesize Si/C composite materials. CVD and electrospinning methods are typically used to produce 1D carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotubes; Hummer's method is predominantly used to produce 2D graphene sheets from graphite, and CVD or thermal treatment are used to coat 3D carbon on the surface of Si.
Neither Si nor carbon electrodes alone meet the requirements of next generation commercial batteries, butthe Si content can be optimized to enhance the
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relatonships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Qitao Shi received his bachelor of science degree from the Department of physics and optoelectronic energy at Soochow University, Suzhou, China, in 2016. Currently, he works as doctoral researcher at the Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS) and the College of Energy at Soochow University China in Prof. Mark H. Rümmeli's group. His current research focuses on solving the pulverization issues of Si particles as anode materials by space engineering or structure
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Qitao Shi received his bachelor of science degree from the Department of physics and optoelectronic energy at Soochow University, Suzhou, China, in 2016. Currently, he works as doctoral researcher at the Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS) and the College of Energy at Soochow University China in Prof. Mark H. Rümmeli's group. His current research focuses on solving the pulverization issues of Si particles as anode materials by space engineering or structure optimization.a
Mark H. Rümmeli heads the electron microscopy and LIN labs at the Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, where he is a full professor. He is also director of the characterization center at the College of Energy and SIEMES. Moreover, he is a full professor of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CMPW PAN) in Zabrze and has full habilitation rights. He obtained his Ph.D. from London Metropolitan University and then worked as a postdoc at the German Aerospace Center. His research focuses on the growth mechanisms of 2D nanostructures, their functionalization and application in energy and biomedicine.