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A Comparison of Physical, Chemical, Biological and Combined Treatments for Detoxification of Free Gossypol in Crushed Whole Cottonseed

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Abstract

Oilseed plants such as cotton (Gossypium sp.) generate abundant biomass residues which contain significant levels of edible oil, crude proteins and other desirable biomolecules for the animal nutrition industry. The application of cottonseed cake in animal feed, a by-product of the cotton industry, is limited due to the natural presence of toxic free gossypol (FG), wherein efficient and cost-effective methods for FG detoxification are necessary. Herein, pretreatment methods for reducing FG in crushed whole cottonseed (CWCS) were compared, with residual FG quantified using a sensitive Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for detection at trace levels in cottonseed materials. Physical treatment by autoclaving resulted in up to 96% detoxification of FG, without reduction in crude protein (CP) content. Chemical treatment with 1% and 2% Ca(OH)2 eliminated FG to as low as 0.04%, although a reduction in CP content was observed. Similarly, native fermentation, whilst reducing FG content by 99.66% after 6 days incubation, also reduced CP content. In combined physical and biological solid-state fermentation (SSF), basidiomycete fungi Ganoderma lucidum CC351, Panus lecomtei CC40, Pleurotus ostreatus CC389, Pleurotus sapidus CC28 and Pycnoporus sanguineus CC400 all degraded FG in autoclaved CWCS to trace levels often lower than obtained by individual treatments. A reduction in total lipids and increase in CP were also observed, improving nutritional quality. The most efficient fungi, P. ostreatus CC389 and P. lecomtei CC40, secreted considerable laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes during SSF, potentially involved in FG detoxification. Cost effective, non-polluting, value-adding approaches for FG detoxification offer potential in animal feed industries.

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Data Availability

Sequences enabling molecular identification were deposited in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) under accession numbers MK603977, MK603978, MK603976, MK603979 and MK603975.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by CAPES (project finance code 001) and CNPq/Embrapa (Project Number 404786/2013-8). RNGM was supported by a fellowship from CNPq (Project Number 305418/2017-3).

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  1. Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil

    Clemente Batista Soares Neto, Taísa Godoy Gomes & Robert Neil Gerard Miller

  2. Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 45029-094, Brazil

    Aparecido Almeida Conceição

  3. Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB s/no, Caixa Postal 40.315, Brasília, DF, 70770-901, Brazil

    Aparecido Almeida Conceição, Jose Antonio de Aquino Ribeiro, Raquel Bombarda Campanha, Paulo Augusto Vianna Barroso, Simone Mendonça & Felix Gonçalves De Siqueira

  4. Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brazil

    Antony Enis Virginio Machado

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  1. Clemente Batista Soares Neto
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Soares Neto, C.B., Conceição, A.A., Gomes, T.G. et al. A Comparison of Physical, Chemical, Biological and Combined Treatments for Detoxification of Free Gossypol in Crushed Whole Cottonseed. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 3965–3975 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01290-0

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