Abstract
Purpose
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important parameter determining soil fertility and sustaining soil health. How C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios (C/N/P) regulate the nutrient availability, and SOC stabilization mechanisms have not been comprehensively explored, especially in response to long-term fertilization. The present study aimed to determine how the long-term mineral and manure fertilization influenced soil C/N/P ratios and various protection mechanisms underlying the stabilization of OC along with profile in a cropland soil.
Materials and methods
The soil was sampled from five depths, viz., 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm, and 80–100 cm, from plots comprising wheat-maize-soybean rotation system subjected to the long-term (35 years) manure and mineral fertilizer applications.
Results and discussion
Results revealed that the soil C, N, P stoichiometry and their contents in topsoil depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) and subsoil depths (40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm) varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the soil layers. Compared with CK, the C, N, and P contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in NPKM in the topsoil layers, while M alone increased these contents throughout the subsoil. Overall, the C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometry decreased with the increase in depth. Regression analysis showed that C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios associated significantly with the OC fractions in the topsoil layers only. These negative correlations indicated that these ratios significantly influence the C stabilization in the surface layers. However, the results warrant further investigations to study the relationship between soil and microbial stoichiometry and SOC at various depths.
Conclusions
Long-term manure applications improved the C sequestration not only in the topsoil but also in the deep layers; hence, these facts can be considered relevant for fertilizer recommendations in cropping systems across China.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the whole staff from National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the Black soil LT Experiment (Harbin) for their continuous support and endeavor.
Funding
Financial assistance from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant# 41620104006 and 41571298) is highly recognized.
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Abrar, M.M., Xu, H., Aziz, T. et al. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry mediate sensitivity of carbon stabilization mechanisms along with surface layers of a Mollisol after long-term fertilization in Northeast China. J Soils Sediments 21, 705–723 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02825-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02825-7