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Predicted and measured hydraulic conductivity of sand-sized crushed limestone

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Abstract

The hydraulic conductivity of 54 sand-sized crushed limestone materials was measured by conducting constant head tests in a rigid-wall permeameter and was estimated using six predictive equations requiring easily obtainable parameters. The gradations tested had effective grain size, D10, from 0.079 to 2.15 mm; uniformity coefficient, Cu, from 1.19 to 15.79; and void ratio, e, from 0.42 to 0.76. The measured hydraulic conductivity had a range of about three orders of magnitude (3.4*10−3 to 3.3 cm/s). Four of the predictive equations, based on the square of the effective grain size, D102, yielded closely grouped results differing by not more than a factor of 2. Long existing equations by Terzaghi (1925) and by Hazen (1892), adjusted for void ratio according to Taylor (1948), were found to have a high predictive efficiency with a ratio of predicted to measured values between 1/2 and 2 for 70% of the materials tested. The Kenney et al. (1984) equation, based on D52, was also efficient but underestimated measured values for 63% of all cases. The Kozeny–Carman equation (Taylor 1948; Chapuis 2012), based on specific surface, overestimated measurements for 90% of the tested materials by a factor of up to 3.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Planungsbüro Poch+Zänker GmbH, Erfurt, Germany

    Ioanna C. Toumpanou

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece

    Ioannis A. Pantazopoulos & Dimitrios K. Atmatzidis

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Laboratory, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Kimmeria, GR-67100, Xanthi, Greece

    Ioannis N. Markou

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  1. Ioanna C. Toumpanou
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  2. Ioannis A. Pantazopoulos
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  3. Ioannis N. Markou
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  4. Dimitrios K. Atmatzidis
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Correspondence to Dimitrios K. Atmatzidis.

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Toumpanou, I.C., Pantazopoulos, I.A., Markou, I.N. et al. Predicted and measured hydraulic conductivity of sand-sized crushed limestone. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 1875–1890 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02032-1

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