Whole-body vibration promotes lipid mobilization in hypothalamic obesity rat
Introduction
Physical exercise has been widely used to evaluate its potential effect in improving morbidity present in obese individuals (Petridou et al., 2019; Thyfault and Bergouignan, 2020; Yang et al., 2019). Which have an altered lipid profile, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, central obesity, and hypertension that are collectively known as metabolic syndrome (Saklayen, 2018). In addition, obesity inflammatory degree is associated with tissue oxidative stress that shows altered oxidative pathways, resulting in an imbalance between antioxidant protection and generation of reactive molecules, causing cell damage that reinforces these metabolic complications (Vona et al., 2019). Low-intensity exercise has the potential to improve the lipid profile (Fujita et al., 2018) because during low-intensity exercise, energy is mainly supplied by fat (Jeukendrup, 2003; Romijn et al., 1993). However, physical inactivity remains prevalent in the obese population, since there is low adherence to physical exercise (Burgess et al., 2017; Petridou et al., 2019; Wiklund, 2016).
The proposed mechanisms for how exercise can promote the improvement of obesity comorbidities are diverse and with fundamental importance since metabolic changes are harmful to health. An experimental model of pre-diabetic rats by neonatal administration of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) has been used to evaluate these mechanisms. While MSG-obese rats show increased parasympathetic activity and low sympathetic activity, which potentiate insulin secretion and lipid accumulation (Andreazzi et al., 2011; Torrezan et al., 2019), low-intensity exercise can recover sympathetic activity (Scomparin et al., 2011). Alternatively, the mechanical vibration of the entire body is a passive exercise modality that promotes strength gain (Alvarez-Alvarado et al., 2017) and that can play an additional role in improving the health and rehabilitation of the obese population (Zago et al., 2018).
Like low-intensity exercise, whole-body vibration (WBV) consists of muscle activation, generating function gains, being a possible step to other forms of exercise (Oroszi et al., 2020). WBV has shown to be beneficial to individuals with several health problems, such as stroke (Celletti et al., 2020), multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and osteoarthritis (Cochrane, 2011), presenting functional gains in the institutionalized elderly (Alvarez-Barbosa et al., 2020) and improves the quality of life in individuals with chronic conditions (Li et al., 2019). Within the context of obesity, WBV has been shown to increase glycemic control, promote growth hormone (GH) release (Di Giminiani et al., 2014; Paineiras-Domingos et al., 2017; Rigamonti et al., 2018), which is generally reduced in obese individuals, and reduce body fat accumulation (Alavinia et al., 2019; Zago et al., 2018).
However, there are no reports of how WBV exercise may affect the physiological changes observed in the context of MSG-induced obesity. It was hypothesized that WBV exercise changes systemic metabolism and promotes mobilization and oxidation of lipids. The consequences of these effects could be found in adipose tissue and liver of MSG-obese rats.
Section snippets
Ethical approval
All experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with the National and international legislation and with the approval of University Animal Care Committee (protocol # 08/18).
Animals and experimental design
From postnatal day (PN) 1 to PN5, male Wistar rats (n = 38) received daily subcutaneous injections of MSG (4 mg.g−1 of body weight, MSG group) or equimolar saline (12.5 %; 1.25 mg. g−1 of body weight, Control group - CTL) (Olney, 1969; Sagae et al., 2011). After weaning (PN21), males from both groups were housed
Characterization of MSG-obese model
When compared with the control group, the MSG model was effective in inducing obesity through a 60 % and 38 % higher weight and area, respectively, of the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (p < 0.05), although there is no significant difference in the Lee index (Table 1). However, MSG-obese animals presented significantly lower body-weight and nasal-anal-length (p < 0.05). Retroperitoneal adipose tissue of all groups showed standard unilocular adipose tissue morphology (Fig. 1) and morphometric
Discussion
The present study showed different forms of lipid mobilization and energy metabolism, demonstrating that different body patterns when practicing WBV exercise have several metabolic response pathways. Therefore, understanding these paths favors clinical and therapeutic decisions for obese and/or insulin-resistant patients. Thus, it was present the difference in the metabolic responses of control and MSG-obese animals when performing WBV exercise.
Conclusion
The results of the present study showed that treatment with WBV-exercise was able to promote significant lipid mobilization in obese animals through changes in plasma colesterolemic profile and liver lipid markers as a function of energy demand.
Funding
This research was supported by the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação Araucária through the notice 016/2016.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Bárbara Zanardini de Andrade: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing - original draft. Matheus Felipe Zazula: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing - review & editing. Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors report no declarations of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to UNIOESTE for providing assistance and support.
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