Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Status, exploitation and resource management of alginophytes in India: an account and way forward

  • Published:
Journal of Applied Phycology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The biodiversity of Indian seaweeds comprises ca. 865 taxa, of which the alginophytes Sargassum spp., Cystoseira spp. and Turbinaria spp. are traditionally exploited. The alginate trade in India evolved as a cottage industry in the rural coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. The resource surveys have assured sufficient feed-stock availability, but landing data between 1978 and 2019 revealed a 54.85 and 33.59% decline in biomass of Sargassum spp. and Turbinaria spp., respectively. Despite this, alginate production continues to register incremental growth from 112 t in 2004–2005 to 262 t in 2018–2019. The higher production was due to feed-stock imported for domestic processing. Self-reliance in production can only be achieved by resource management and developing a viable farming protocol. This shall support sustainable trade by reducing dependency on wild harvesting. The complete valorisation of biomass by employing a high-throughput integrated bio-refinery protocol for sequential extraction of industrial products, viz. bio-stimulant, pigments, mannitol and alginates, is pivotal for profitable enterprise. Since the domestic industry is heavily depending on artisanal seaweed gatherers of the Gulf of Mannar, it is crucial to protect their rights by resolving issues pertaining to ownership of the resource coupled with conservation and sustainable utilisation. Seemingly, there is still a lot to be done on alginophytes in India. This review provides information and data on various domains of alginate trade aimed at developing a national programme and policy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaron-Ampera J, Largo DB, Handugan ERB, Nini JL, Alingasa KMA, Gulayan SJ (2020) Culture of the tropical brown seaweed Sargassum aquifolium: from hatchery to field out-planting. Aquacult Rep 16:100265

    Google Scholar 

  • Alemañ AE, Robledo D, Hayashi L (2019) Development of seaweed cultivation in Latin America: current trends and future prospects. Phycologia 58:462–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Appa Rao D, Padal SB, Subbarangaiah G (2014) Effect of environmental factors on oospore shedding and diurnal periodicity in Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh. along the Visakhapatnam coastline, east coast of India. Sch Acad J Biosci 2:687–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Baghel RS, Suthar P, Gajaria T, Bhattacharya S, Anil A, Reddy CRK (2020) Seaweed biorefinery: a sustainable process for valorising the biomass of brown seaweed. J Clean Prod 263:121359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bast F, Bhushan S, Rani P, John AA (2016) New record of Sargassum zhangii (Sargassaceae, Fucales) in India based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Webbia 71:293–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolton JJ, Anderson RJ, Smit AJ, Rothman MD (2012) South African kelp moving eastwards: the discovery of Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss at De Hoop Nature Reserve on the South Coast of South Africa. Afr J Mar Sci 34:147–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth E (1975) Seaweeds in industry. In: Riley JP, Skirrow G (eds) Chemical oceanography. Academic Press, New York, pp 219–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Borges D, Araujo R, Azevedo I, Pinto IS (2019) Sustainable management of economically valuable seaweed stocks at the limits of their range of distribution: Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae) and its southernmost population in Europe. J Appl Phycol 32:1365–1375

    Google Scholar 

  • Børgesen F (1933) Some Indian green and brown algae especially from the shores of the Presidency of Bombay - III. Jour Ind Bot Soc 12:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Børgesen F (1935) A list of marine algae from Bombay. Kgl Danske Videnskab Selskab Biol Meddel 12: 1-64, pl 1-10

  • Børgesen F (1937) Contribution to a South Indian marine algal flora. J Ind Bot Soc 16:1–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges Watson DL, Lewis S, Bryant V, Patterson J, Kelly C, Edwards-Stuart R, Murtagh MJ, Deary V (2018) Altered eating: a definition and framework for assessment and intervention. BMC Nutr 4:14

  • Campbell I, Kambey CSB, Mateo JP, Rusekwa SB, Hurtado AQ, Msuya FE, Stentiford GD, Cottier-Cook EJ (2019) Biosecurity policy and legislation for the global seaweed aquaculture industry. J Appl Phycol 32:2133–2146

    Google Scholar 

  • Chale-Dzul J, Moo-Puc R, Robledo D, Freile-Pelegrín Y (2015) Hepatoprotective effect of the fucoidan from the brown seaweed Turbinaria tricostata. J Appl Phycol 27:2123–2135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan VD (1965) On occurrence of new species of Sargassum from Porbandar (India). J Mar Biol Assn India 6:326–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan VD (1970) Variations in alginic acid content with growth stages in two species of Sargassum. Bot Mar 13:57–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan VD, Krishnamurthy V (1966) Observations on the output of oospores, their liberation, viability and germination in Sargassum swartzii (Turn) C Ag. Salt Res Indus 3:11

    Google Scholar 

  • Chengkui Z (1984) Phycological research in the development of the Chinese seaweed industry. Hydrobiologia 116–117:7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Chennubhotla VSK, Kaliaperumal S, Kalimuthu N (1978) Seasonal changes in growth, fruiting cycle and oospore output in Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing. Bot Mar 21:67–69

  • Chennubhotla VSK, Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S, Selvaraj M, Ramalingam JR, Najmuddin M (1982) Seasonal changes in growth and alginic acid and mannitol contents in Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) J. Agardh and S. myriocystum. J. Agardh. Ind J Mar Sci 11:195–196

  • Chhatbar MU, Meena R, Prasad K, Siddhanta AK (2009) Microwave assisted rapid method for hydrolysis of sodium alginate for M/G ratio determination. Carbohydr Polym 76:650–656

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clingerman LB, Franco Jr VM (1988) Fish heads for taxdermy and methods of preparing same. US patent 4,752,229

  • Desai BN (1967) Seaweed resources and extraction of alginate and agar. In: Krisnamurthy V (ed) Proceedings of the Seminar on Sea, Salt and Plants, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 1967, pp. 343–351.

  • Draisma SGA, Ballesteros E, Rousseau F, Thibaut T (2010) DNA sequence data demonstrate the polyphyly of the genus Cystoseira and other Sargassaceae genera (Phaeophyceae). J Phycol 46:1329–1345

    Google Scholar 

  • Duin S, Schutz AT, Lehmann S, Lode A, Ludwig B, Gelinsky M (2019) 3D bioprinting of functional islets of Langerhans in an alginate/methylcellulose hydrogel blend. Adv Healthc Mat 6:e1801631

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2018) The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilisation. Globefish Research Programme. Volume 124. Rome, Italy, 120 pp.

  • Feeney MW (2001) Regulating seaweed harvesting in Maine: the public and private interests in an emerging marine resource industry. Ocean Coast Law J 7:329–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser CI, Velásquez M, Nelson WA, Macaya EC, Hay CH (2020) The biogeographic importance of buoyancy in macroalgae: a case study of the southern bull-kelp genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), including descriptions of two new species. J Phycol 56:23–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan M, Mairh OP, Subba Rao PV (2000) Seasonal variation in growth and spore production of marine brown algae Padina boergesenii and P. tetrastromatica (Dictyotales/Phaeophyta) in the Mandapam region, south east coast of India. Ind J Mar Sci 29:253–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan M, Trivedi N, Gupta V, Venu Madhav S, Reddy CRK, Levine I (2019) Seaweed resources in India – current status of diversity and cultivation: prospects and challenges. Bot Mar 62:463–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerard VA, North WJ (1984) Measuring growth, production, and yield of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. In: Ragan MA (ed) Bird CJ. Eleventh International Seaweed Symposium. Dr W Junk, Dordrecht, pp 321–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh PK, Ramavat BK, Rama Rao K, Shaj HN, Tewari A (2000) Integrated process for preparation of liquid seaweed fertilizer, alginic acid and mannitol from Sargassum wightii Greville. National Symposium on Seaweeds of India: Biodiversity and Biotechnology, September 12–14, 2000, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, pp. 42.

  • Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2020) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 08 June 2020.

  • Guiry MD, Morrison L (2013) The sustainable harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae) in Ireland, with notes on the collection and use of some other brown algae. J Appl Phycol 25:1823–1830

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez A, Correa T, Muñoz V, Santibañez A, Marcos R, Cáceres C, Buschmann AH (2006) Farming of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in Southern Chile for development of novel food products. J Appl Phycol 18:259–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Carmona G, McHugh DJ, Arvizu-Higuera DL, Rodríguez-montesinos YE (1998) Pilot plant scale extraction of alginate from Macrocystis pyrifera. 1. Effect of pre-extraction treatments on yield and quality of alginate. J Appl Phycol 10:507–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Carmona G, García O, Robledo D, Foster M (2000) Restoration techniques for Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) populations at the southern limit of their distribution in Mexico. Bot Mar 43:273–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayasankar R (1993) Seasonal variation in biochemical constituents of Sargassum wightii (Greville) with reference to yield in alginic acid content. Seaweed Res Utiln 16:13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Jothisaraswathi S, Babu B, Rengasamy R (2003) Seasonal studies on the alginate and its biochemical composition I: Sargassum polycystum (Fucales), Phaeophyceae. Phycol Res 51:240–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Jothisaraswathi S, Babu B, Rengasamy R (2006) Seasonal studies on alginate and its composition II: Turbinaria conoides (J. Ag.) Kütz. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). J Appl Phycol 18:161–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S (1976) Changes in growth, reproduction, alginic acid and mannitol contents of Turbinaria decurrens Bory. Bot Mar 19:161–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S (1997) Seaweed potential and its exploitation in India. Seaweed Res Utiln 19:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S, Ramalingum JR (1989a) Agar, algin and mannitol from some seaweeds of Lakshadweep. J Mar Biol Assoc India 31:303–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S, Ramalingam JR (1989b) Changes in growth, reproduction, alginic acid and manitol contents of Turbinaria decurrens Bory. Bot Mar 19:157–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaliaperumal N, Kalimuthu S, Ramalingam JR (2004) Present scenario of seaweed exploitation and industry in India. Seaweed Res Util 26:47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalimuthu S (1980) Variations in growth and mannitol and alginic acid contents of Sargassum myriocystum J. Agardh. Ind J Fish 27:265–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalimuthu S, Chennubhotla VSK, Selvaraj M, Najmuddin M, Panigrahy R (1980) Alginic acid and mannitol contents in relation to growth in Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh) Kuetzing. Ind J Fish 27:267–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalimuthu S, Kaliaperumal N, Ramalingam JR (1991) Standing crop, algin and mannitol of some alginophytes of Mandapam coast. J Mar Biol Assoc India 33:170–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Kappanna AN, Visveswara Rao A, Mody IC (1962) Alginic acid content of some of the brown seaweeds of Saurashtra coast. Curr Sci 31:463–464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavale MG, Veeragurunathan V (2016) Development of zygote for seed production of Sargassum swartzii in India. J Appl Phycol 28:2875–2882

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrison PD, Stanley MS, Edwards MD et al (2015) The cultivation of European kelp for bioenergy: site and species selection. Biomass Bioenergy 80:229–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Klöck G, Frank H, Houben R, Zekorn T, Horcher A, Siebers U, Wöhrle M, Federlin K, Zimmermann U (1994) Production of purified alginates suitable for use in immunoisolated transplantation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 40:638–643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy V (1969) Seaweed drift on the Indian coast. In: Procedings of Symposium on Indian Ocean, National Institute of Sciceince, India, vol. 38, pp. 657-666.

  • Krishnamurthy V (2006) Key to the taxonomic identification of green and brown marine algae of India. In: Tewari A (ed) Recent advances on applied aspects of Indian marine algae with reference to global scenario, vol 1. Bhavnagar publication, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, pp 1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy V, Ezhili R (2013) Phaeophyceae of India and neighbourhood, volume II. Fucales, Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology, Chennai, India, 156 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal RM, Fitton JH (2015) Are seaweed-derived fucoidans possible future anti-cancer agents? J Appl Phycol 27:2075–2077

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macchiavello J, Araya E, Bulboa C (2010) Production of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales; Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile on spore-based culture. J Appl Phycol 22:691–697

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mairh OP, Krishnamurthy V (1969) Observations on the germination of oospores and growth of germlings in Cystoseria. J Ind Bot Soc 47:256–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantri VA, Ganesan M, Gupta V, Krishanan P, Siddhanta AK (2019) An overview on agarophyte trade in India and need for policy interventions. J Appl Phycol 31:3011–3023

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh DJ (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 441. Rome, Italy.

  • Mehta BR, Parekh RG (1978) Mannitol content in brown algae of the coast of Saurashtra. Bot Mar 21:251–252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milledge JJ, Harvey PJ (2016) Golden tides: problem or golden opportunity? The valorisation of Sargassum from beach inundations. J Mar Sci Eng 4:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra JN (1966) Phaeophyceae in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi, India, 203 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Mody KH, Parekh RG, Doshi YA, Chauhan VD (1992) Seaweed preservatives: effect on the properties on sodium alginate from Sargassum sp. Seaweed Res Utiln 15:145–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan MSG, Achary A, Mani V, Cicinskas E, Kalitnik AA, Khotimchenko M (2019) Purification and characterization of fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides from Sargassum tenerrimum and their biological activity. J Appl Phycol 31:3101–3113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monagail MM, Morrison L (2020) The seaweed resources of Ireland: a twenty-first century perspective. J Appl Phycol 32:1287–1300

    Google Scholar 

  • Narasimha Rao GM, Prayaga Murty P, Subbarangaiah G (2012) Seasonal growth and spore shedding in Rosenvingea nhatrangensis Dawson from Bhimili, east coast of India. Seaweed Res Utiln 34:22–26

  • Narayani SS, Sarvanan S, Bharathiraja (2016) Optimization of fucoidan production from brown seaweed Sargassum. Seaweed Res Utiln 38:35–39

  • Oza RM, Zaidi SHR (2001) A revised checklist of Indian marine algae. Bhavnagar, India Publication, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, p 296

    Google Scholar 

  • Pang SJ, Liu F, Shan TF, Gao SQ, Zhang ZH (2009) Cultivation of the brown alga Sargassum horneri: sexual reproduction and seedling production in tank culture under reduced solar irradiance in ambient temperature. J Appl Phycol 21:413–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Papenfuss GF (1942) Studies of South African Phaeophyceae. I. Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida, Macrocystis pyrifera. Am J Bot 29:15–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul W, Sharma CP (2015) Alginates: wound dressings. In: Sharma M (Ed) Encyclopedia of biomedical polymers and polymeric biomaterials. CRC Press, Boca Raton pp134 – 146.

  • Pérez-Lloréns JL, Mouritsen OG, Rhatigan P, Cornish ML, Critchley AT (2020) Seaweeds in mythology, folklore, poetry, and life. J Appl Phycol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02133-0

  • Peteiro C, Salinas J, Freire O, Fuertes C (2006) Cultivation of the autoctonus seaweed Laminaria saccharina off the Galician Coast (NW Spain): production and features of the sporophytes for an Annual and Biennial Harvest. Thalassas 22:45–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Phang SM (2006) Seaweed resources in Malaysia: current status and future prospects. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 9:185–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Porse H, Rudolph B (2017) The seaweed hydrocolloid industry: 2016 updates, requirements, and outlook. J Appl Phycol 29:2187–2200

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju PV, Venugopal R (1971) Appearance and growth of Sargassum plagiophyllum (Mert) C. Ag on a fresh substratum. Bot Mar 14:36–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Rama Rao, K (1991) Effect of aqueous sea weed extract on Zizyphus mauratiana lamk. J Ind Bot Soc 71, no. 1-4: 19-21

  • Robledo D, Freile-Pelegrín Y (2011) Prospects for the cultivation of economically important carrageenophytes in Southeast Mexico. J Appl Phycol 23:415–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolin C, Inkster R, Laing J, McEvoy L (2017) Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK. J Appl Phycol 29:2351–2361

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo D, Sahu N, Sahoo D (2001) Seaweeds of Indian coast. A.P.H. Publication, New Delhi, India, p 283

    Google Scholar 

  • Santelices B, Castilla JC, Cancino J, Schmiede P (1980) Comparative ecology of Lessonia nigrescens and Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyta) in Central Chile. Mar Biol 59:119–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah CK, Vaidya BS (1967) Studies on Turbinaria ornata (Turnur) J. Ag. In: Krishnamurthy V (ed) Proceedings of the seminar on sea, salt and plants. CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India, pp 155–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanura Fernando IP, Asanka Sanjeewa KK, Samarakoon KW, Kim H-S, Gunasekara UKDSS, Park Y-J, Abeytunga DTU, Lee WW, Jeon Y-J (2018) The potential of fucoidans from Chnoospora minima and Sargassum polycystum in cosmetics: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin-whitening, and antiwrinkle activities. J Appl Phycol 30:3223–3232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddhanta AK, Sanandiya ND, Chejara DR, Kondaveeti S (2015) Functional modification mediated value addition of seaweed polysaccharides - a perspective. RAC Adv 5:59226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silas EG, Kalimuthu S (1987) Commercial exploitation of seaweeds in India. Bull CMFRI 41:55–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Solimabi, Naqvi SWA (1975) Alginic acid content of some brown seaweeds of Goa. Mahasagar. 8:97–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Sreenivasa Rao P, Iyengar ERR, Thivy F (1964) Survey of algin-bearing seaweed at Adatra reef. Okha Curr Sci 33:464–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan KS (1967) Conspectus of Sargassum species from Indian territorial waters. Phykos. 5:127–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekoll MS, Else PV (1990) Cultivation of Macrocystis integrifolia (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in southeastern Alaskan waters. Hydrobiologia. 204–205:445–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Stella Roslin A (2003) Seasonal variation in the alginic acid content of some marine algae in relation to environmental parameters in Arockiapuram coast. Seaweed Res Utiln 25:87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Stévant P, Rebours C, Chapman A (2017) Seaweed aquaculture in Norway: recent industrial developments and future perspectives. Aquac Int 25:1373–1390

    Google Scholar 

  • Subba Rao PV, Mantri VA (2006) Indian seaweed resources and sustainable utilisation: Scenario at the dawn of a new century. Curr Sci 91:164–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbaramaiah K, Zaidi SHR, Chauhan VD (2006) Standing stock of seaweeds on Indian coast. In: Tewari A (ed) Recent advances on applied aspects of Indian marine algae with reference to global scenario, vol 1. Bhavnagar publication, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, pp 148–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbarangaiah G, Appa Rao D (2005) Seasonal growth, reproduction and oospore shedding in Sargassum vulgare C. Ag. of Visakhapatnam coast, India. Ind Hydrobiol 7:49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbarangaiah G, Narasimha Rao GM, Deepthi Lavanya K (2012) Effect of environmental factots on oospore shedding in Sargassum ilicifilium (Turner) C Agardh. J Algal Biomass Utiln 3:57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudhakar MP, Jegatheesan A, Poonam C, Perumal K, Arunkumar K (2017) Biosaccharification and ethanol production from spent seaweed biomass using marine bacteria and yeast. Renew Energy 105:133–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sukumaran S, Kaliaperumal N (2000) Oospore shedding in Sargassum wightii (Greville) J. Agardh and Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kuetzing at different environmental factors. Seaweed Res Utiln 22:209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Szekalska M, Bowska AP, Nska ES, Ciosek P, Winnicka K (2016) Alginate: current use and future perspectives in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Int J Polym Sci 8:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Tala F, López BA, Velásquez M, Jeldres R, Macaya EC, Mansilla A, Ojeda J, Thiel M (2019) Long-term persistence of the floating bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica from the South-East Pacific: potential contribution to local and transoceanic connectivity. Mar Environ Res 149:67–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari A, Mody KH (2006) Preservation and storage of seaweeds for industrial utilisation. In: Tewari A (ed) Recent advances on applied aspects of Indian marine algae with reference to global scenario, vol 2. Bhavnagar publication, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, pp 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewari A, Joshi HV, Ramavat BK (1983) Studies on preservation of Sargassum III. Effect of storage on quality and quantity of alginic acid in Sargassum tenerrimum. Phykos 22:113–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari A, Joshi HV, Ramavat BK (1987) Preservation of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag. with formalin and open air drying and its effect on quality and quantity of alginic acid. Res Indu 32:199–207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thivy F (1964) Marine algal cultivation. Salt Res Indus 1:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Thivy F, Chauhan VD (1964) Sargassum johnstonii Setchell et Gardner a new record for the Indian Ocean region. Hydrobiologia. 23:292–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PC, Subbaramaiah K (1991) Seasonal variations in growth, reproduction, alginic acid, mannitol, iodine and ash contents of brown alga Sargassum wightii. Ind J Mar Sci 20:169–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng CK (2001) Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China. J Appl Phycol 13:375–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugarte R, Sharp G (2012) Management and production of the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum in the Canadian maritimes. J Appl Phycol 24:409–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Umamaheswara Rao M (1969) Seasonal variation in growth, alginic acid and mannitol contents of Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 6:579–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Umamaheswara Rao M, Kaliaperumal N (1976) Some observations on the liberation and viability of oospores in Sargassum wightii (Greville) J. Agardh. Ind J Fish 23:232–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Umamaheswara Rao M, Kalimuthu S (1972) Changes in mannitol and alginic acid contents of Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh in relation to growth and fruiting. Bot Mar 15:57–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Valsan AP (1955) Alginic acid content of some of the common seaweeds of the Gulf of Mannar area. Curr Sci 24:343–345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez-Delfín E, Freile-Pelegrín Y, Pliego-Cortés H, Robledo D (2019) Seaweed resources of Mexico: current knowledge and future perspectives. Bot Mar 62:275–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Veeragurunathan V, Sujatha G (2013) Seasonal changes in distribution and standing crop of marine algae at Rameswaram coast, Tamil Nadu. Seaweed Res Utiln 35:41–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Velásquez M, Fraser CI, Nelson WA, Tala F, Macaya EC (2020) Concise review of the genus Durvillaea Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1825. J Appl Phycol 32:3–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera J, Ask E (2011) Creating a sustainable commercial harvest of Laminaria hyperborea, in Norway. J Appl Phycol 23:489–494

    Google Scholar 

  • von Martens G (1871) A fifth list of Bengal algae determined by G. von Martens, communicated by Mr. S. Kurz, Esq. Proc Asiat Soc Bengal 40:461–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermeier R, Muller DG, Gomez I, Rivera P, Wenzel H (1994) Population biology of Durvillaea antarctica and Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyta) on the rocky shores of southern Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 110:187–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann U, Klöck G, Federlin K, Hannig K, Kowalski M, Bretzel RG, Horcher A, Entenmann H, Sieber U, Zekorn T (1992) Production of mitogen-contamination free alginates with variable ratios of mannuronic acid to guluronic acid by free flow electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 13:269–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuniga-Jara S, Soria-Barreto K (2018) Prospects for the commercial cultivation of macroalgae in northern Chile: the case of Chondracanthus chamissoi and Lessonia trabeculata. J Appl Phycol 30:1135–1147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Vinod Nehemeiya, SNAP Alginate and A. Bose, President Agar and Alginate Manufacturers Welfare Association, India, for providing valuable information on landing and production data. We also would like to thank Shailesh Dodiya (Sargassum drift along Shivrajpur coast) and Kavita Nehemeiya (Sargassum processing and phycoremediation treatment of acidic effluent) for sharing photographs as well as Yashesh Shah for the preparation of map depicting landing centres of alginophytes. The authors take the opportunity to also thank Prof. Borowitzka and two anonymous reviewers for the critical comments that have improved the first draft of the manuscript. We thank the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for the funding support. TKG acknowledge the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for providing the Senior Research Fellowship. Thanks are also due to the Director, CSIR-CSMCRI, for the facilities and encouragements. This manuscript has CSIR PRIS registration number 74/2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vaibhav A. Mantri.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 24344 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mantri, V.A., Ganesan, M., Kavale, M.G. et al. Status, exploitation and resource management of alginophytes in India: an account and way forward. J Appl Phycol 32, 4423–4441 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02269-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02269-z

Keywords

Navigation