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Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province, China

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Abstract

We present the results of environmental surveillance for poliovirus (PV) and non-poliovirus (NPEV) around the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio-vaccine (OPV) which occurred in China in May 2016. Sewage samples were collected in Jinan and Linyi city from 2015 to 2017. Enterovirus (EV) isolation, VP1 amplification, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Among105 sewage samples (36 in Jinan and 69 in Linyi), 101 were positive for EV, with 74.3% (78/105) PV-positive samples and 90.5% (95/105) NPEV-positive samples. A total of 893 EV isolates were obtained, including 326 (36.5%) PVs and 567 (63.5%) NPEVs. Echovirus (E) -11 was the most common serotype out of 18 detected NPEV types (120/567), followed by E-3 (75/567) and E-6 (74/567). PV2 vanished and PV3 came to be the ascendant PV type in sewage after May 2016. Eight PV isolates were judged as pre-vaccine-derived poliovirus (pre-VDPV) and no VDPV or wild PV isolates were monitored. Bayesian phylogenetics demonstrated global E-11 originated in 1876 and evolved with the estimated rate of 4.63 × 10–3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y). Multiple circulating clusters that originated at different times were coexisting in Shandong province. The most recently common ancestor of global coxsackievirus B5 could date back to 1867, at the evolutionary rate of 3.95 × 10–3 s/s/y. In conclusion, our study described the changes of PVs and NPEVs around the polio vaccine switch period and provided meaningful global molecular epidemiological data for further studies of EV-related diseases among the population.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (Grant Number ts201511105); the Taishan Scholar Program of Youth Experts; the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 81573209, 82003510); the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant Number ZR2019BH085).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China

    Chenxu Zhao & Aiqiang Xu

  2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China

    Xiaojuan Lin, Feng Ji, Ping Xiong, Yao Liu, Suting Wang, Qing Xu, Li Zhang, Zexin Tao & Aiqiang Xu

  3. Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44-1 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China

    Peng Chen

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  1. Chenxu Zhao
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Contributions

Conceptualization: AX, ZT, PC, Formal analysis: CZ, Funding acquisition: AX, PC, ZT, Investigation: XL, FJ, SW, Methodology: AX, ZT, PC, Project administration: AX, ZT, Resources: PX, YL, QX, LZ, Supervision: AX, ZT, QX, LZ, Writing-original draft: CZ, Writing-review & editing: ZT, CZ.

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Correspondence to Zexin Tao or Aiqiang Xu.

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Zhao, C., Lin, X., Ji, F. et al. Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province, China. Food Environ Virol 12, 321–332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09449-7

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