Abstract
Soils are among the main biological sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrification and denitrification processes are the major N2O production factors in soils. The nitrogen of mineral and organic fertilizers applied to the fields is easily involved in the biogeochemical cycle of soil nitrogen and contributes to the N2O emission to the atmosphere. A longer lifetime (121 years) of nitrous oxide and a higher global warming potential as compared with CO2 and CH4 are responsible for its high importance in the greenhouse effect. An increase in the N2O concentrations enhances the destruction of the ozone layer. To evaluate the regional contributions of agricultural soils to the total world greenhouse gas emissions, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommends using emission factors (\({\text{E}}{{{\text{F}}}_{{{{{\text{N}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\)) for national N2O inventories. The \({\text{E}}{{{\text{F}}}_{{{{{\text{N}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\) value depends on many factors, including soil and climatic conditions, type of mineral fertilizer, organic amendments, and nitrogen-containing waste. The data on the direct measurements of N2O emission from soils in Russia are rather limited and the estimates for N2O emission from soils for The Russian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory rely on the data calculated according to the IPCC Guidelines. The nitrogen budget in the Russian agriculture in the past 25 years has been sharply deficient. This means that a considerable part of the crop yield is formed at the expense of mineralized soil nitrogen, which is quickly assimilated by plants and microorganisms and almost does not accumulate in a free state. The estimated \({\text{E}}{{{\text{F}}}_{{{{{\text{N}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\) value for fertilized cereal crops (22–27 million hectares) and cereal crops is 0.66–0.70 and 0.54–2.56, which is considerably lower as compared with the IPCC default (1.0) recommended for ecologically permissible level of fertilizer nitrogen.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
D. S. Bulgakov, D. I. Rukhovich, E. A. Shishkonakova, and E. V. Vil’chevskaya, “The application of soil-agroclimatic index for assessing the agronomic potential of arable lands in the forest-steppe zone of Russia,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 51, 448–459 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229318040038
Unified State Register of Soil Resources of the Russian Federation, Version 1.0 (Dokuchaev Soil Science Inst., Moscow, 2014) [in Russian].
S. I. Zinchenko, M. K. Zinchenko, N. P. Buchkina, and A. Ya. Rizhaya, “Ecological assessment of the effect of tillage in agroecosystems on the biological properties of gray forest soil,” in Proceedings of All-Russia Conference of the All-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture and Soil Erosion Control, September 10–12, 2014 (Kursk, 2014), pp. 127–133.
A. Yu. Klimova, A. L. Stepanov, and N. A. Manucharova, “Specific features of nitrogen and carbon transformation in an oligotrophic peat soil,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 52, 1223–1226 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229319100041
V. N. Kudeyarov, “Agrogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in modern farming of Russia,” Agrokhimiya, No. 12, 3–14 (2019).
D. I. Lyuri, S. V. Goryachkin, N. A. Karavaeva, E. A. Denisenko, and T. G. Nefedova, Dynamics of Agricultural Lands in Russia in the 20th Century and Postagrogenic Recovery of Vegetation and Soils (GEOS, Moscow, 2010) [in Russian].
D. I. Lyuri, A. S. Nekrich, and D. V. Karelin, “Change of arable lands area in Russia in 1990–2015 and soil emission of carbon dioxide,” Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 3, 70–76 (2018).
Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Ed. by J. Penman, et al. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2003; Moscow, 2006).
I. M. Mukhina, E. Ya. Rizhiya, and N. P. Buchkina, “Effect of biochar on the quality of soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soil,” in Proceedings of the IV International Scientific-Practical Conference “Prospects and Development of Natural and Mathematical Sciences” (Nizhny Novgorod, 2019), No. 4, pp. 24–25.
I. M. Mukhina, E. Ya. Rizhiya, and N. P. Buchkina, “The effect of biochar on the emission of nitrous oxide from soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soils of different fertility levels,” in Proceedings of the International Scientific-Technical Conference “Scientific-Technical Progress in Agricultural Industry” (Belaruskaya Navuka, Minsk, 2019), pp. 150–154.
Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol (Moscow, 2011), Part 1.
A. S. Nekrich and D. I. Lyuri, “Changes in agrarian conditions of Russia in 1990–2014,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., No. 3, 64–77 (2019).
A. V. Peterburgskii, Cycle and Balance of Nutrients in Farming (Nauka, Moscow, 1979) [in Russian].
E. Ya. Rizhiya, L. V. Boitsova, N. P. Buchkina, and G. G. Panova, “The influence of crop residues with different C : N ratios on the N2O emission from a loamy sand soddy-podzolic soil,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 44, 1144–1151 (2011).
E. Ya. Rizhiya, N. P. Buchkina, I. M. Mukhina, A. S. Belinets, and E. V. Balashov, “Effect of biochar on the properties of loamy sand Spodosol soil samples with different fertility levels: a laboratory experiment,” Eurasian Soil Sci. 48, 192–200 (2015).
E. Ya. Rizhiya, N. P. Buchkina, I. M. Mukhina, and E. V. Balashov, “Long-term monitoring of direct emission of nitrogen oxide from soddy-podzolic soils,” in Proceedings of the II International Scientific Conference in Memoriam of Academician E. I. Ermakov “Development of Agrophysics: From Current Problems and Plant Industry to Prospective Technologies” (Agrophysical Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 2019), pp. 117–122.
E. Ya. Rizhiya, I. M. Mukhina, N. P. Buchkina, and E. V. Balashov, “Control of direct emission of nitrogen oxide in farming systems,” in Proceedings of the International Scientific-Practical Conference “Implementation of Methodological Concepts of Professor B.A. Dospekhov in Improvement of Adaptive-Landscape Farming Systems” (Moscow, 2017), pp. 190–194.
Russia in Digits: Brief Statistical Handbook (Rosstat, Moscow, 2019) [in Russian].
V. M. Semenov and B. M. Kogut, Soil Organic Matter (GEOS, Moscow, 2015) [in Russian].
S. M. Semenov and E. Ya. Ran’kova, “Specific long-term changes and seasonal variability of modern background concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O,” Fundam. Prikl. Klimatol., No. 4, 71–87 (2018).
J. P. D. Abbatt and M. J. Molina, “Status of stratospheric ozone depletion,” Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 18, 1–29 (1993).
B. C. Ball, B. S. Griffiths, C. F. E. Topp, R. Wheatley, R. L. Walker, R. M. Rees, C. A. Watson, H. Gordon, P. D. Hallett, B. M. McKenzie, and I. M. Nevison, “Seasonal nitrous oxide emissions from field soils under reduced tillage, compost application or organic farming,” Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 189, 171–180 (2014).
C. Baresel, S. Andersson, J. Yang, and M. H. Andersen, “Comparison of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions calculations at a Swedish wastewater treatment plant based on water concentrations versus off-gas concentrations,” Adv. Clim. Change Res. 7, 185–191 (2016).
B.-F. Sun, H. Zhao, Y.-Z. Lu, F. Lu, and X.-K. Wang, “The effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on methane and nitrous oxide emission/uptake in Chinese croplands,” J. Integr. Agric. 15 (2), 440–450 (2016).
Buchkina N. P., Rizhiya E. Y., Pavlik S. V., and Balashov, E. V. “Soil physical properties and nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils,” in Advances in Agrophysical Research (InTech, London, 2013), pp. 193–220.
Effect of Increased Nitrogen Fixation on Stratospheric Ozone (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IW, 1976).
A. Charles, P. Rochette, J. K. Whalen, D. A. Angers, M. H. Chantigny, and N. Bertrand, “Global nitrous oxide emission factors from agricultural soils after addition of organic amendments: a meta-analysis,” Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 236, 88–98 (2017).
H. Clayton, I. P. McTaggart, J. Parker, L. Swan, and K. A. Smith, “Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized grassland: a 2-year study of the effects of N fertilizer form and environmental conditions,” Biol. Fertil. Soils 25, 252–260 (1997).
W. Ding, J. Luo, J. Li, H. Yu, J. Fan, and D. Liu, “Effect of long-term compost and inorganic fertilizer application on background N2O and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions from an intensively cultivated soil,” Sci. Total Environ. 465, 115–124 (2013).
J. W. Doran, “Soil microbial and biochemical changes associated with reduced tillage,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 765–771 (1980).
J. A. Duggin, “Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification in response to clearcutting northern hardwood forest,” Soil Biol. Biochem. 23, 779–787 (1991).
FAO Stat, 2019. http://faostat.fao.org/static/syb/syb_ 5000.pdf.
P. V. Forster, P. Ramaswamy, T. Artaxo, R. Berntsen, D. W. Betts, J. Fahey, J. Haywood, et al., AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
J. Gu, M. Yuan, J. Liu, Y. Hao, Y. Zhou, D. Qu, and X. Yang, “Trade-off between soil organic carbon sequestration and nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat-summer maize rotations: implication sofa 25‑year fertilization experiment in Northwestern China,” Sci. Total Environ. 595, 371–379 (2017).
C. Hénault, A. Grossel, B. Mary, M. Roussel, and J. Léonard, “Nitrous oxide emission by agricultural soils: a review of spatial and temporal variability for mitigation,” Pedosphere 22, 426–433 (2012).
Z. Han, M. T. Walter, and L. E. Drinkwater, “Impact of cover cropping and landscape positions on nitrous oxide emissions in northeastern US agroecosystems,” Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 245, 124–134 (2017).
J. P. Hoben, R. J. Gehl, N. Millar, P. R. Grace, and G. P. Robertson, “Nonlinear nitrous oxide (N2O) response to nitrogen fertilizer in on-farm corn crops of the US Midwest,” Global Change Biol. 17 (2), 1140–1152 (2011).
Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Ed. by C. Buendia, (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2019).
Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, Ed. by T. F. Stocker, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013).
Climate Change: Synthesis Report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2014).
L. Klemedtsson, A. K. Klemedtsson, and F. Moldan, “Nitrous oxide emission from Swedish forest soils in relation to liming and simulated increased N-deposition,” Biol. Fertil. Soils 25, 290–295 (1997).
M. Krauss, R. Ruser, T. Müller, S. Hansen, P. Mäder, and A. Gattinger, “Impact of reduced tillage on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stocks in an organic grass-clover ley—winter wheat cropping sequence,” Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 239, 324–333 (2017).
J. P. Lesschen, G. L. Velthof, W. de Vries, and J. Kros, “Differentiation of nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils,” Environ. Pollut. 159, 3215–3222 (2011).
A. De Marco, F. Esposito, B. Berg, M. Giordano, and V. A. De Santo, “Soil C and N sequestration in organic and mineral layers of two coeval forest stands implanted on pyroclastic material (Mount Vesuvius, South Italy),” Geoderma 209–210, 128–135 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.011
Y. Miao, B. A. Stewart, and F. Zhang, “Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review,” Agron. Sustainable Dev. 31, 397–414 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010034
C. Oertel, J. Matschullat, K. Zurba, F. Zimmermann, and S. Erasmi, “Greenhouse gas emissions from soils—A review,” Chem. Erde 76, 327–352 (2016).
R. M. Palma, M. Rímolo, M. I. Saubidet, and M. E. Conti, “Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils,” Biol. Fertil. Soils 25, 142–146 (1997).
T. D. Rapson and H. Dacres, “Analytical techniques for measuring nitrous oxide (review),” Trends Anal. Chem. 54, 65–74 (2014).
M. R. Rashti, W. J. Wang, C. R. Chen, S. H. Reeves, and C. Scheer, “Assessment of N2O emissions from a fertilized vegetable cropping soil under different plant residue management strategies using 15N tracing techniques,” Sci. Total Environ. 598, 479–487 (2017).
E. Y. Rizhiya, I. M. Mukhina, E. V. Balashov, V. Šimansky, and N. P. Buchkina, “Effect of biochar on N2O emission, crop yield and properties of stagnic Luvisol in a field experiment,” Zemdirbyste 106, 297–306 (2019).
Save and Grow: A Policymaker’s Guide to Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2011).
M. Senbayrama, R. Chenc, A. Budaid, L. Bakkend, and K. Dittertb, “N2O emission and the N2O/(N2O + N2) product ratio of denitrification as controlled by available carbon substrates and nitrate concentrations,” Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 147, 4–12 (2012).
J. Shan and X. Yan, “Effects of crop residue returning on nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils,” Atmos. Environ. 71, 170–175 (2013).
I. Shcherbak, N. Millar, and G. P. Robertson, “Global meta-analysis of nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 9199–9204 (2014).
T. W. Speir, H. A. Kettles, and R. D. More, “Aerobic emissions of N2O and N2 from soil cores: measurement procedures using 13N-labelled NO3– and NH4+,” Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 1289–1298 (1995).
M. A. Sutton, A. Bleeker, and C. M. Howard, Our Nutrient World: The Challenge to Produce More Food and Energy with Less Pollution (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, 2013). http://www.inms.international/ sites/inms.international/files/ONW.pdf.
World Population Prospects 2019: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics (United Nations, New York, 2019).
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bull., No. 15, (2019).
World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018 (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2015).
Funding
The work was performed under the budget funding of basic research (state task AAAA-A18-118013190177-9).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated by G. Chirikova
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kudeyarov, V.N. Nitrous Oxide Emission from Fertilized Soils: An Analytical Review. Eurasian Soil Sc. 53, 1396–1407 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229320100105
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229320100105